汉藏佛教比较视域中的普陀胜地知识源流考

Searching for Potalaka in a Comparative Study of Han-Tibetan Buddhism

“普陀山”,旧译“补怛洛迦”(Potalaka),有关的最早记载出自《华严经》,其被视为观音菩萨驻锡地,也是大乘佛教信仰共许的圣地。以此命名的观音道场遍布整个亚洲佛教世界,其中位于中国的浙江普陀山、西藏布达拉宫、承德普陀宗乘庙都是备受尊崇的胜地代表。这些与“普陀”相关的同名朝圣地的建立,与观音信仰的传播息息相关,不仅体现了佛教中国化的历史,更是见证了不同民族文化之间的交往、交流与交融。文章旨在从西藏文化中有关“■■■”(布达拉)的知识源流出发,梳理藏汉文佛教经典、修行文本、朝圣游记、胜地方志等文献中有关普陀胜地的记载,勾勒藏汉历史上对于普陀胜地的建构、认识与调适的过程,以汉藏佛教比较研究的视角,展现同名胜地文化的共享对于各民族之间精神交流的重要意义。

Potalaka,known as putuo in Chinese or potala in Tibetan,is the legendary abode of Avalokitesvara and a shared sacred place venerated among the circle of the Mahayana Buddhism.Various pilgrimage sites named after Potalaka are located here and there across Asia,among which stand out Mount Putuo in Zhejiang Province,Potala Palace in Tibet and Putuo Zongcheng Temple in Chengde for their long established and distinct history.The foundation of the different sacred sites of Potalaka is closely associated with the worship of Avalokitesvara and its dissemination which different regions and Buddhist traditions adopted for their targeted followers.By discovering a wide range of Tibetan and Chinese literature from Buddhist cannons,travelogues,gazetteers and other literary works,this paper explores how the knowledge of Potalaka from Tibetan and Chinese Buddhist traditions interacted with each other,and reveals a shared cultural history of mutual construction,competition and recognition in the historical narratives.