《察炉道里考》所载川藏交通探微——兼论《西藏全图》所绘中道及存在问题

A Probe into the Sichuan-Tibet Traffic Recorded in the Chalu Daoli Kao,and also on the Middle Road Drawn in the Xizang Quantu and Its Problems

北京大学图书馆藏《西藏全图》绘有自四川省康定进入西藏南、北、中三道,学术界对其中南北两道研究较多,但对中道鲜有论及且绘制简略,不载于汉文方志,具体走向亦不明。文章认为,通过对《察炉道里考》所载道路的考证,可知该道与中道走向基本相符,既是茶道,也是重要的军事道路。图中北道与中道部分路段重合,将二者绘成完全独立的两道显然有误。尽管该图打箭炉至察木多段绘制不太准确,但大体呈现了炉察间交通格局,与《察炉道里考》都是清代汉文方志川藏交通记载的重要补充。清代川藏北道打箭炉至察木多段存在分支,出打箭炉北门或南门后汇合,至绒坝岔或雀儿山附近分路,经邓柯或岗托渡金沙江均可至察木多。

The Xizang Quantu collected by the Peking University Library draws three roads from Tachienlu to Tibet,the south,north,and middle.There are many academic studies on the north and south road,but the middle is rarely discussed and drawn sketchily.It is not recorded in Chinese local chronicles,and the accurate direction is unclear.Through the textual research on the road recorded in the Chalu Daoli Kao,it can be known that the road is basically consistent with the direction of the middle road drawn in the Xizang Quantu.The road is not only a tea road,but also an important military road.Some sections of north road and middle road overlap,it is obviously wrong to draw them as two completely separate roads.Although the drawing is not quite accurate,it roughly shows the traffic pattern between Tachienlu and Chamdo.Both the map and Chalu Daoli Kao are important complements to the Sichuan-Tibet traffic records in Chinese local chronicles of the Qing Dynasty.There were branches in the section from Tachienlu to Chamdo on the North SichuanTibet Road in the Qing Dynasty,which converged after go out the north or south gate of Tachienlu,branched near Rongpatsa or Chola,to Chamdo can be crossed the Jinsha River through Dengke or Gangtuo.