近代中国边政学兴起背景下的拉卜楞藏族社会研究

Study on the Labrang Tibetan Society in the Context of the Rise of Modern Chinese Frontier Politics

20世纪30—40年代,中国边政学为应对当时边疆危机而兴起。拉卜楞地区是西北藏传佛教流布较广和藏族聚居地,也是当时正在兴起的西北经贸和交通枢纽,从而吸引了不少边政学者及各界人士的研究和前往考察。此间,学者对拉卜楞藏族社会开展了较为深入的研究,如追寻拉卜楞藏族的族源及形成过程、探讨拉卜楞藏族社会经济问题特别是农牧业及商业的发展前景、考察拉卜楞地区“设治局、改县”的后续局势及影响、观察拉卜楞寺的僧纲制度与拉卜楞藏族的宗教生活、思考拉卜楞藏族文化教育的近代化问题和走向、研判拉卜楞藏族与其他民族的关系等,所形成的文献资料较全面地反映了当时拉卜楞藏族社会的基本状况。这些研究主要综合了近代“新史学”和社会人类学的治学方法,既抱持近代化立场又怀有浪漫化情感,既有跨民族共情又不免民族偏见,体现了中国学术近代化发展的特质以及当时中国学界的知识和精神特征。当时的学者将学术研究和参与当地社会文化建设结合起来,所展现的拉卜楞藏族社会的地方性知识以及跨民族共情的示范,不仅有助于内地民众提高对边疆民族地区和少数民族的情感认同,而且为维系中国多民族国家统一作出了超出学者本职的努力和贡献,对当代中国学界研究“铸牢中华民族共同体意识”具有一定的启示意义。

From the 1930s to the 1940s,Chinese frontier politics arose in response to the frontier crisis at that time.The Labrang area with Tibetans inhabited was a place where Tibetan Buddhism was widely spread in the northwest.It was also a rising economic and trade and transportation hub in the northwest at that time,which attracted many scholars who studied frontier and people from all walks of life to study and visit.During the period,scholars had carried out in-depth research on Labrang Tibetan society,such as tracing the origin and formation process of Labrang Tibetans,discussing social and economic issues of Labrang Tibetans,especially the development prospects of agriculture,animal husbandry and commerce,investigating the follow-up situation and impact of"establishing a bureau and changing into a county"in the Labrang area,observing the monk registering system of Labrang Monastery and the religious life of Labrang Tibetans,thinking about the modernization and direction of Labrang Tibetan culture and education,and researching and making judgments the relationship between Labrang Tibetans and other ethnic groups,etc.,which formed the documents and materials comprehensively reflecting the basic situation of Labrang Tibetan society at that time.These studies mainly integrated the research methods of the modern"new historiography"and social anthropology,holding both a modernized standpoint and romanticized feelings,as well as cross-ethnic empathy and unavoidable ethnic prejudice,which reflected the characteristics of the development of Chinese academic modernization as well as the knowledge and spiritual characteristics of Chinese academic circles of the time.Scholars of the time combined academic research and participation in local social and cultural construction,representing the example of the local knowledge of Labrang Tibetan society and the empathy across the ethnic groups,which not only helped the inland people to improve their understanding of frontier areas and ethnic groups,but also made efforts and contributions to maintain the unity of China’s multi-ethnic country,far beyond scholars’own duties.This has certain enlightening significance for the contemporary Chinese academic research on"consolidating the sense of community for the Chinese nation".