“生存”与“自由”:“感性活动”的辩证实质与时代价值

“Survival” and “Freedom”: The Qualitative and Temporal Value of “Perceptual Activities”

"感性活动"是马克思主义唯物史观的基本范畴。经创造性继承费尔巴哈"感性对象"原则与黑格尔否定的辩证法,马克思阐发了"感性活动"的物质基础与能动原则,赋予其三重规定:为生存资料需要的物质生产活动、形成社会关系社会矛盾的物质交往活动、为个性自由推翻现实矛盾的革命改造活动。马克思将人的"需要"机制作为推动和创造原则论证了感性活动从"生存"到"自由"的辩证运动过程,从而揭开了整个社会历史形成与发展之谜,确立了其哲学的实践基础,实现了对唯心主义和直观唯物主义的整体超越。而对感性活动进行生存、反思与自由的当代诠释,是为新时代中国特色社会主义主要矛盾论断找到重要哲学支撑,这既从学理上丰富了马克思主义,印证了不平衡不充分发展的特殊历史性,又在实践层面预示了实现美好生活需要的必然性,为社会创造活动提供了精神动力。

"Perceptual activity" is the basic category of Marxist historical materialism. After creatively inheriting the principle of Feuerbach’s"perceptual object"and Hegel’s negation of dialectics,Marx elucidated the material basis and the principle of"perceptual activity"and gave it three rules: material production activities for the need of survival materials,material communication activities for the formation of social relations and social contradictions,and revolutionary transformation activities to overthrow the real contradictions for the freedom for personality. Marx used the"needs"mechanism of human beings as a principle of promotion and creation to demonstrate the dialectical movement process of perceptual activities from"survival"to"freedom",thus uncovering the mystery of the formation and development of the entire social history,establishing the practical basis of its philosophy,and realizing the overall transcendence of idealism and intuitive materialism. The contemporary interpretation of the survival,reflection and freedom of perceptual activities is an important philosophical support for the main contradictions of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era. This not only enriches Marxism in theory,confirms the special historicity of unbalanced development,but also indicates the inevitability of realizing the needs for a better life in practice,and provides spiritual motivation for social creation activities.