电动汽车储能V2G模式的成本与收益分析

Cost and benefit analysis of EV energy storage through V2G

2019年中国的石油对外依存度比例为72%,同时机动车尾气排放也是造成空气污染的重要来源。基于这样的现状,推进交通领域的电气化进程,对中国的能源转型具有重要的战略意义。根据国家信息中心统计数字,2019年中国电动汽车(包含纯电动汽车与混合动力汽车)销量达到了120万辆,是全球最大电动汽车市场。随着电力电子技术的不断进步,将电动汽车作为一种新型的储能设施,通过V2G模式(vehicle to grid)实现与电网之间的电能量双向流动,可以成为提高电网调节能力与供电可靠性的一种重要方式。本文对V2G在电网的应用进行了梳理,并基于目前的电价政策以及动力电池成本,对V2G服务的提供主体参与各类应用的收益和成本基于算例进行了分析。V2G模式的经济性受电价政策影响很大,并且与电力现货市场以及配套的辅助服务市场的成熟度相关。未来V2G的推广还有赖于合理的电力市场准入门槛和电价补偿机制的设计。

In 2019,the ratio of oil importation reached 72%in China and automotive vehicle exhaust is the main source of urban air pollution.The promotion of electrification in the transportation sector therefore has strategic significance to the energy transition of China.According to statistics from the State Information Center,the sales of electric vehicles(including BEV and PHEV)in China reached 1.2 million in 2019,and China remains the world’s largest electric vehicle market.Since the development of power electronics technology,the use of electric vehicles as a new energy storage facility allows a bidirectional power flow between grid and vehicle through V2 G(Vehicle to grid)mode,and this could be an important mean to increase the flexibility and reliability of power gird.This article sorts out the grid application of V2 G,and analyzes the benefits and costs of V2 G service providers participating in various applications based on the current electricity price policy and power battery cost through calculation examples.The economics of V2 G mode is strongly impacted by electricity price policies,and depends on the maturity of electricity spot market and related ancillary service market.The promotion of V2 G in the future will rely on the design of reasonable electricity market entry barriers and electricity price compensation mechanisms.