再论史剧中的“历史真实”——兼及一种超越历史实证主义的史剧观

On"Historical Truth"in Historical Plays:A View of Historical Drama that Transcends Historical Positivism

文章比较了历史剧与现实剧的不同评价标准,认为与"历史真实"相对应的逻辑概念并不存在于现实剧的评价体系之中。史剧的这种特殊标准暗含了对"史"的过分强调以及对"戏"的严苛制约。从研究对象、研究主体和研究本质三方面来看,历史真实是通过文献手段不断去蔽澄明、让历史实在渐次出场和敞开的过程,是一个永远开放而非已然封闭的系统,动态性、开放性和不断更新是其本质。承认历史真实的复杂性和否定历史真相、阻止人们去追求历史真相的历史虚无主义具有本质区别。史剧艺术追求的是历史内在可能性,它通过对历史情境的具体化和丰富化得以实现。对历史内在可能性的追求,是史剧创作中"艺术真实"的题中应有之义。优秀的史剧作品必然内含历史内在可能性,而深刻的历史研究也会具有一定的诗学原则。

Firstly,the paper compares the different evaluation criteria of historical dramas and realistic dramas,andholds that the logical concept corresponding to"historical truth"does not exist in the evaluation system of realistic dramas.This special standard of historical drama implies over-emphasis on"history"and strict restriction on"drama".Secondly,from three aspects including research object,research subject and research essence,historical truth is a process of constantly obscuring and clarifying through literature means,and gradually making historical truth appear and open.It is a system that is always open rather than closed,and its essence is dynamic,open and constantly updated.There is an essential difference between acknowledging the complexity of historical truth and historical nihilism that denies historical truth and prevents people from pursuing historical truth.The art of historical drama pursues the inherent possibility of history,which is realized by concretizing and enriching the historical situation.Pursuing the inherent possibility of history is the proper meaning of"artistic truth"in the creation of historical dramas.Excellent historical dramas must contain inherent historical possibilities,and profound historical research will also have certain poetics principles.