欧洲石建筑的结构史

Structural History of European Stone Architecture

本文主要考察欧洲石结构技术发展史。古希腊采用了木形式的石结构之建筑,古罗马采用适合石结构的拱券和穹隆结构。筒形拱为了侧向光线或侧向空间与平衡侧推力而发展出交叉拱和十字交叉拱。十字交叉拱因施工复杂和技术复杂而改进发展出哥特建筑的肋拱结构,欧洲石结构建筑在形式与结构高度配合达到第一次高潮。文艺复兴建筑恢复几乎被中世纪遗忘的古典风格,并把肋拱结构用于穹隆的制作,从建筑学层面彰显石结构建筑传统美。

This paper investigates on the structural history of European stone architecture.The ancient Greek built the buildings in wood’s form by stones.The ancient Rome develops arches and vaults of stone architecture.In order to acquire side light and side space and resist side pushing force on barrel vaults,the ancient Rome created intersecting and cross vaults.Because of the complex construction of cross vaults,the Gothic architecture develops Rib Vaults and European stone structure met the first climax on Religious art.The Renaissance revived the classical architecture forgotten in the middle ages,and the rib vaults was used for the production of the great dome and Western stone architecture stepped the second climax on architectural art.