巴黎公社消灭阶级的尝试与反思——纪念巴黎公社150周年

Attempt and Reflection on the Elimination of Class in Paris Commune——Commemorating the 150th Anniversary of Paris Commune

马克思主义认为,阶级是一个经济范畴,也是一个历史范畴,阶级的产生、存在、消亡是不可避免的。无产阶级革命将会消灭旧的阶级社会,并建立起新的、先进的无阶级社会,使得阶级差别的消除成为真正的进步。巴黎公社尝试构建了以消灭阶级为特征的政治体制和社会治理原则,经济上完成了"剥夺剥夺者"的任务,将财富创造者变为财富所有者;政治上建立起生产者的自治政府,解除社会流动的桎梏;文化上有教无类,剔除"僧侣势力",将教育变为消灭阶级划分的武器。巴黎公社第一次探索了在消灭阶级基础上的政权组织形式,具有深刻的历史意义和现实意义,为后来的无产阶级政权提供了借鉴的摹本,但公社体制对"权威"过度敏感,表现出对经济基础的高度挑剔,时效性较弱,此外《法兰西内战》对巴黎公社的评价颇具政治意义,更多地担负起政治宣言的使命。由于巴黎公社是特定历史条件下的产物,因此,还要在正确认识公社消灭阶级的伟大意义的同时进行深刻反思。

Marxism holds that class is not only an economic category,but also a historical category. The emergence,existence and extinction of class are inevitable. The proletarian revolution will destroy the old class society and establish a new and advanced classless society,making the elimination of class differences a real progress. The Paris Commune tried to construct a political system and social governance principles characterized by the elimination of classes,economically completed the task of “depriving the depriving”and turned the wealth creator into the wealth owner;to establish an autonomous government of producers politically and remove the shackles of social mobility;culturally,there are no classes. To eliminate the “monk forces”and turn education into a weapon to eliminate class division. The Paris Commune explored the form of political power organization based on the elimination of classes for the first time,which has profound historical and practical significance and provides a copy for the later proletarian regime. However,the commune system is excessively sensitive to “authority”,showing a high degree of pickiness about the economic foundation and weak timeliness. In addition,the French Civil War evaluates Paris Commune with political significance and takes on the mission of political declaration. As the Paris Commune is the product of specific historical conditions,it is necessary to make a profound reflection while correctly understanding the great significance of the commune in eliminating classes.