我国在家教育发展的历史演进

An Analysis of the Development and Characteristics of Homeschooling in China

古代在家教育是在家庭中正式进行的教与学的活动,以传统家学教育作为主要表现形态,经历了从无到有、由盛而衰的过程。教学内容经历了六艺为主到靠近科举再到封建纲常伦理的转变,并辅以家传的学说和技艺,也留下了教学典范文献。近代在家教育注入了西方现代自然科学和社会科学知识,智育逐渐摆脱了作为道德载体的功能,具有了相对独立的形态和内在特质。当代在家教育式微之后重新开始发展壮大,但随着时代的发展遭遇了合法性危机。这一教育群体经历了从与国家法规对立到部分坚守、回归理性。教学内容和形式则不断演变,最终指向了儿童全面自由个性化发展的终极教育目的。

In Chinese history,the bilateral activities of teaching and learning were formally done at home,which was defined as homeschooling.The traditional homeschooling started from scratch and developed from prosperity to decline.The teaching materials transformed from six skills,then to those related to the imperial examinations and finally to feudal ethics along with family instructions and skills,leaving behind some model teaching documents.In modern times,western natural science and sociology were introduced into homeschooling and intellectual education,which avoided being the carrier of moral education,possessed its independent status and internal features.In contemporary era,homeschooling has developed from weak to strong.However,it has suffered a crisis of illegality with the release of relevant revised regulations of compulsory education.The homeschooling group has gone through three stages:being the antithesis of national regulations,to some extent standing on their grounds and finally being rational.The teaching materials and approaches have been changing constantly,making’the free,personalized and all-round development for children’the final teaching objective.