相似与差异:发达地区的集体经济和有效治理——基于珠三角、苏南、浙江的比较

Similarities and differences: collective economy and effective governance in developed regions——Based on comparison between the Pearl River Delta,Southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang

从改革开放至1990年代末,由于工业化路径的不同,珠三角、苏南、浙江的集体经济确实存在经营形式上的差异、总量上的差异、分配上的差异,进而形成了一定程度上的乡村治理差别。但是新世纪以来,由于相似的外部经济条件、相似的集体经济内部制度缺陷,在共同的问题导向下,三个地区的集体经济在产业经营形式、产权制度改革、集体收入的分配方式、乡村治理的结构转型上走向了一致,呈现出共同的特征。目前,三地乡村治理最大的差异是由基础设施、人居环境、建设秩序构成的乡村景观面貌的不同,但这不是由集体经济造成的,而是取决于政府治理的效能,其中尤为关键的是能否处理好政府土地权力有效行使与农民土地权利有效保护之间的关系,能否处理好政府、集体与农民之间的利益分配。由此带来的启示是,要在国家治理视野下推进对乡村的有效治理。对于发达地区来说,政府的权力、责任、资源需要下沉,普惠的公共财政要向乡村延伸覆盖,适度解除集体经济对乡村治理的捆绑,以实现乡村治理体系和治理能力的现代化。

From the reform and opening up to the end of the 1990 s,due to the different industrialization paths,the collective economy of the Pearl River Delta,Sunan,and Zhejiang did have differences in management forms,total amounts,and distribution,which in turn formed a certain degree differences in rural governance.However,since the new century,due to similar external economic conditions,similar internal system defects of the collective economy and the common problem orientation,the the collective economy of the three regions is has become consistent and presents common characteristics in the form of industrial management,the reform of property rights system,the distribution of collective income,and instructural transformation of rural governance.At present,the biggest difference in rural governance in the three places is the difference in rural landscapes consisting of infrastructure,human settlements,and construction order.But this is not caused by the collective economy.It depends on the effectiveness of government governance,especially critical.Among them,it is particularly important to be able to handle the relationship between the effective exercise of government land power and the effective protection of farmers’land rights,and whether it can handle the distribution of interests between the government,the collective and the peasants.The enlightenment brought about is to promote effective governance of the countryside in the perspective of national governance.For developed regions,the government’s powers,responsibilities,and resources need to sink.The public finances of Pratt&Whitney should extend to the countryside,and moderately bundle the collective economy to rural governance to modernize the rural governance system and governance capacity.