在退出与呼吁之间:政治合法性的组织逻辑

Between Exit and Voice:The Organizational Logic of Political Legitimacy

以国家治理绩效的衰退和修复为中心,以退出和呼吁为主轴,可以对政治合法性的组织逻辑形成一种新认识:首先,绩效合法性以一种可感知的方式向国民呈现出治理绩效衰退的事实,国民会通过退出和呼吁向国家发出信号,以解决双方间的信息不对称问题。其次,将退出和呼吁制度化并以法定权利形式解决上述问题的国家,往往是具有制度程序合法性的国家,其作用在于及时获得绩效衰退信息,以补足绩效合法性的功能缺陷。最后,为了避免国民过早行使退出权而对国家造成伤害,加强呼吁在修复机制中的主导地位,意识形态合法性又成为必需,其作用在于提供一种能够延缓退出的忠诚机制,使国民能够有效应对变化,并形成一种政治认同感。就此而论,自由民主体制并不构成唯一可接受的政治合法性,而以群众路线为基础的人民民主体制有望成为制度程序合法性的另一种表现形式。

The issue of political legitimacy can be understood in a new perspective which is based on the decline and repair of national governance performance and the exit and voice of state's citizens.Firstly,performance legitimacy reveals the fact of governance performance decline in an appreciable way,and in order to make the government realize the fact,people are inclined to signal to government by their various acts of exit and voice.Secondly,the state which is legitimate in institution and procedure often institutionalizes people's right of exit and voice in a legal way,and during this process,government will get some valuable information about the governance performance decline timely,at the same time,the drawback of performance legitimacy in function can be made up effectively.Thirdly,ideology legitimacy is necessary in that in order to avoid the damage to state by its citizens'exercising the right of exit prematurely,ideology supplies a distinct loyalty mechanism which increases the cost of exit choice and helps people form a feeling of political identity.Seen in this light,the so called liberal democratic system is not the only acceptable political legitimacy,and people's democratic system that is based on the mass line is hopeful in the future because it will be a new embodiment of the legitimacy of institution and procedure.