走向政治稳定——近20年来意大利的选举制度改革及其效果

Toward Political Stability:Italian Electoral Reform and Its Political Consequences since the Last 20 Years

定期有序的选举、平稳有效的政府、居于优势地位的政党(联盟),构成了现代民主制度之"鼎"的"三足",任何一项运行不畅,都会影响到民主政治的有序发展,导致政治不稳。选举制度,作为西式民主的基础性制度,与政党体制高度相关,并通过机制因素(以及选民的心理因素)影响一国的政党数量和政党体制类型,进而影响民主体制的运行。本文探讨2000年以来意大利的选举制度改革及其后果,描述了游走于比例代表制和混合选举制之间的意大利选举制度改革,并通过各政党在参议院和众议院赢得的席位数,以及对政府组阁情况的分析,探讨选举制度改革对意大利政治发展的影响。

Periodical elections,stable government(or governingcoalition)with efficiency and serving full term in office,and the dominant political party(or parties)in the regime,are three-legged tripod of modern democracy,any of which impeded,will damage the democracies and political stability.Electoral systems,which have a high correlation with political party systems,have very strong effects on the numbers of political party and the type of party systems through mechanical factors(as well as the psychological factors ofvoters),and cause the crisis of democracy.By analyzing the types of government formation,and the number of seats won by each party in the Senate and the House of Representatives in Italy,this paper discusses the basic reform of the electoral system that moves between the proportional representation system and the mixed electoral system,and analyzes its consequences on the political development since the new century.