多民族国家地方治理的复杂性、价值取向与体系构建

The Complexity and Value Orientation and System Building of Local Governance in Multinational States

新的治理形态在公共领域引入了多元主体,并且旨在重构政治过程中各主体之间的关系。这不仅意味着互动主体的多元化,也意味着互动关系的复杂化,而治理主体在族裔身份上的多样性,又为多民族国家的地方治理增加了复杂变量。治理的逻辑是多中心、多主体、多层次、多向度的合作与互动,多民族国家建设的逻辑是族际政治整合与国家一体化,这两种行为逻辑在实际运用的过程中如果不加以协调,就会产生张力,在西方发达国家的治理实践中已经出现了由此带来的一些问题。因此,多民族国家地方治理现代化的路径应与多民族国家建设的自身特点及内在逻辑相洽适,应遵循两个基本的价值取向:治理主体特殊多元性与共同性的平衡,将国家认同的构建嵌入地方共同体建设之中。多民族国家地方治理体系的建构要考虑四个方面的核心要件:从互动结构上讲,应该是在不削弱国家一体化基础上有限度的分权;从互动情境上讲,不能忽视民族地区的传统社会组织和乡规民约等非正式制度在现代治理中的作用,要注意传统力量与治理结构的衔接;从互动主体上讲,多元互动主体间的相互关系应该遵循"多主体、有中心"的原则,注重协调主体身份和创建共享价值;从互动机制上讲,应该将族际互动机制嵌入地方治理机制中,通过承认机制、协商机制以及均衡机制,促使主体互动关系向合作式互动转化,以提高地方治理的效能。

The new form of governance introduces multiple subjects into the public domain,and intends to reconstruct the relations among the subjects in the political process,which not only means the diversity of the interactive subjects,also means the complexity of the interactive relations.And the diversity of governance subjects in ethnic identity adds complex variables to local governance in multinational states.The logic of governance is multicenter,multi-subject,multi-level and multi-dimensional cooperation and interaction.The logic of multinational states-building is political integration.If these two kinds of behavior logic are not in harmony with the process of practical application,they will produce tension,which has caused some problems in the governance practice of Western developed countries.Therefore,the path of modernization of local governance in multinational states should be consistent with the selffeature and internal logic of the construction of multinational states.The path should follow two basic values:balancing the special diversity and intercommunity of the governance subjects,and embedding the national identity building into the local community building.The building of local governance system in multinational states should consider four core elements.From the perspective of interactive structure,it should be limited the decentralization on the basis of without weakening national integration.From the perspective of interactive context,the role of the traditional social organizations in ethnic areas and the informal institutions such as village regulations and folk conventions should not be neglected in the modern governance,and should pay attention to the connection between traditional forces and governance structures.From the point of view of interactive subject,the mutual relations among the multiple interactive subjects should follow the principle of"multi-subject and monocentric",and pay attention to coordinating the identity of subjects and creating the shared value.From the point of view of interactive mechanism,the mechanism of ethnic interaction should be embedded into local governance mechanism,through the recognition mechanism,negotiation mechanism and balance mechanism,the subject interaction is transformed into the cooperative interaction,so as to improve the efficiency of local governance.