芬兰半总统制中的行政权归属:总统与总理二者权力的比较研究

The Ownership of Administrative Power in Finland’s Semipresidentialism:A Comparative Study on the Power of the President and the Prime Minister

《2018年世界幸福感报告》中,芬兰是世界幸福指数排名第一的国家,这得益于半总统制确保芬兰长期政治稳定——总统与总理二者权力的和谐分配和转换。本文以"芬兰最高行政权在总统与总理之间如何归属与分配?"为核心问题,运用新制度主义理论,将总统与总理二者权力比较研究,采用"总理总统制"与"总统议会制"作为半总统制次类型展开比较,并把以宪法规范为代表的静态制度和以政治过程为代表的动态行为相结合。最后得出结论:芬兰半总统制发展至今的不同阶段中,在"总统议会制"时,总统掌握行政权以维护国家安全、政治稳定;在"总理总统制"时,总理掌握行政权以推动政治发展、经济繁荣。半总统制维护芬兰政治稳定,使芬兰成为经济发达、人民生活幸福美好的福利国家。芬兰成功的经验值得其他国家参考借鉴。

In the World Happiness Report 2018,Finland ranks the first in the world in terms of happiness index,which thanks to the semi-presidential system that ensures long-term political stability in Finland-the harmonious distribution and transformation of power between the president and the prime minister.This paper takes"how does Finland’s supreme executive power belong and distribute between the president and the prime minister?"as a problem consciousness to study the stability of the Finland’s Semi-presidentialism.By applying the theory of the New Institutionalism to compare the power of the president with the premier,taking the"Premier-presidentialism"and"President-parliamentarism"as the sub-types of Semi-presidentialism to study further and combining the static systems represented by the constitutional norms with the dynamic behaviors represented by the political process,the final conclusion is drawn:In different stages of the development of Finland’s Semi-presidentialism,the president held the administrative power to safeguard national security and political stability during the President-parliamentarism period,while the prime minister held the administrative power to maintain political development and economic prosperity during the Premier-presidentialism period.The Semi-presidentialism has maintained the political stability of Finland and made it a welfare state with developed economy and a happy life for its people.Finland’s successful experience is worthy of reference by emerging countries.