元曲【朝天子】考述

An Textual Research and Critical Investigation of Yuan Song

元曲【朝天子】是一首曲体成熟、应用广泛的曲牌,通过考察可得三点认识:一、元曲【朝天子】并非来自宋词调《朝天子》,而渊源于宋代舞队节目《诸国献宝》《穿心国入贡》等艺术形式;二、其宫调、句法、格律等表现稳定:中吕宫,单片,11句仄韵,三段体。这种体制在清代曲谱中仍然严格保持,展现传统音乐传承脉络;三、带过曲【快活三带朝天子】源于元杂剧的“摘调”,这为散曲是从杂剧中派生而来观点,提供了有力证据。对元曲【朝天子】的探讨,是理解宋元“词曲递变”的可靠参照,为曲牌体音乐“一曲多变”的历史规律提供了指向。

The widely used Chaotianzi is a mature Qupai of Yuanqu(a type of verse for singing,which emerged in the Southern Song and Jin Dynasties and became popular in the Yuan Dynasty)Based on the comprehensive examination,there are three new points:First,Chaotianzi of Yuanqu did not inherit the Song lyric tune“Chaotianzi”,but originated from folk art such as the dance group program in Song Dynasty,for example,Zhu Guo Xian Bao[Different countries offer us their treasures]and Chuanxin Guo Ru Gong[Chuanxin Country’s Tribution];Second,Chaotianzi had an extremely stable form in terms of the key and mode of Gong,syntax and meter.It features like use Zhonglv Gong Key,single piece,11 lines of oblique rhyme,and triple part.And it maintained its orginal form strictly until the Qing dynasty,which representing a clear lineage of Chinese traditional music;Third,The Daiguoqu[a kind of drama]Kuaihuosan Dai Chaotianzi[Kuaihuosan means plump,a kind of Qupai,Dai means with]is derived from the“Zhaidiao”[a kind of Qupai]of the Yuan Za Opera Cycle[A Yuan opera featured miscellaneous and like a kind of cycle]which provides strong evidence for the view that the San Qu[scattered songs]are derived from Za Opera.The discussion of Chaotianzi not only offered a reliable reference for the Ci&Qu evolution of Song and Yuan dynasties,but also provides a guide of the historical research of“one tune’s variations”in the song genre.