汉画像石山形冠图像考

A Study on the Image of Mountain-Shaped Crown in Han Dynasty Stone Carvings

汉代民众追求“升仙不死”的长生之术,盛行“事死如生”的厚葬风俗,随之“升仙”和“厚葬”便巧妙地结合在一起,大规模的造仙运动以画像石、画像砖、壁画等为主要载体呈现在墓葬中,创造出丰富多彩的仙界景象,以此期盼墓主人在死后能够到达仙界,长生不老。“山形冠”则是众多仙界元素中被刻画在东王公、西王母、太一、伏羲、女娲、成王、秦始皇等头上的独特冠饰,发展到后期甚至麒麟、句芒、不明身份的神仙等也都佩戴山形冠。笔者通过搜集汉画像石中与山形冠相关的图录以及文献记载,初步认为山形冠是汉代工匠用于表现与成仙相关的象征元素,且这种冠饰佩戴者身份地位都比较尊崇。

During Han Dynasty,people pursued the art of immortality,and the prevailing custom of“treating death as if it were life”was luxurions burial.As a result,“immortality”and“luxurions burial”were cleverly combined.And these trends were mainly presented in tombs by portrait stones,portrait bricks,murals,etc.,creating a rich and colorful scene of the immortal realm,hoping that the tomb owner could reach the immortal realm to obtain immortality.The“Mountain-shaped Crown”is a unique crown decoration depicted in Han Dynasty wore by Dongwanggong(东王公),Xiwangmu(西王母),Taiyi(太一),Fuxi(伏羲),Nyuwa(女娲),Chengwang(成王),Qinshihuang(秦始皇),etc.Later,even Qilin(麒麟),Goumang(句芒),and unidentified immortals wore mountain-shaped crowns,too.Through collecting illustrations and literature records related to the mountain-shaped crown in Han portrait stones,this paper preliminarily believes that the mountain-shaped crown is a symbolic element used by Han Dynasty craftsmen to express the pursuit of immortality,meanwhile the identity and status of the wearer of the crown are relatively respected.