作舞明功:《武德》舞与两汉宗庙舞的演变

“Wude”Dance and Evolution of Ancestral Temple Dance in the Han Dynasty

西汉初对宗庙用舞进行了制作,形成了各庙既共奏先王之舞又奏为歌颂先帝功德而创制的特舞的制度。西汉诸舞来源不同,或改先王之舞而成或自创而成。东汉为确立自身法统对宗庙用舞多做改易,明帝时刘苍与诸公卿议定光武庙舞,世祖庙舞总名应为《大武》,包括《文始》《五行》《武德》三舞。刘苍所奏《武德舞诗歌》一章专指世祖庙特舞。新编世祖庙特舞因袭高庙《武德》之名是明帝为确立东汉法统以区别于西汉的举措,“永平制礼”创立的合祭世祖庙制度使得明帝后诸帝均不再新创特舞,而是共用世祖庙《武德》之舞。但西汉以来制作特舞祭祀以歌颂先帝功绩的制度仍有遗存,明帝后诸帝之特舞只是在实际运作中被世祖庙《武德》舞所替代。

The early Western Han Dynasty created the temple dances and formed a system that temples presented both the dances created by former emperors and the special dances created to praise the virtues of former emperors.The dances in the Western Han Dynasty were of different sources,either adapted from the dances of predecessors or newly created.In order to establish its own legal system,the Eastern Han Dynasty made some changes to the temple dances.During the reign of Mingdi,Liu Cang and other high-ranking officials reviewed the temple dances of Guangwudi and decided that the general name of the temple dances should be“Dawu”,including the three dances of“Wen Shi”,“Five elements”and“Wude”.The chapter“Poetry of Wude Dance”written by Liu Cang refers to the special temple dances of Guangwudi.The newly choreographed Guangwudi special temple dances named after the“Wude”were initiated by Mingdi to establish the legal system of the Eastern Han Dynasty and distinguish it from the Western Han Dynasty.The system of joint sacrifice of the Guangwudi temple created by the“Yongping Sacrificial System”made the subsequent emperors after Mingdi no longer create new special dances but share the dances of the“Wude”temple dance of Guangwudi.However,the system of creating special dances to praise the achievements of former emperors still exists since the Western Han Dynasty,and the special dances of the later emperors after Mingdi were only replaced by the“Wude”temple dance of the Guangwudi in actual situations.