从安大简看《驺虞》之乐在先秦的两种形态——兼谈西周乐舞的逸失

Two Forms of“Zou Yu”Music in the Pre-Qin Period from Anda Bamboo Slips:Loss of Dance in Western Zhou Dynasty

自郑玄开始,历来人们基本默认大射礼和《墨子》中之《驺虞》即《诗经·召南》之《驺虞》,但从“三礼”文献中《驺虞》的使用情况和《墨子》中《驺虞》的上下文来看,这两处《驺虞》应不同于今本《召南·驺虞》,是一个应用于天子等级的、诗乐舞一体的长篇颂类乐曲,或在《诗经》编定时已经逸失,或因未被编入《诗经》而逐渐亡逸。安大简《驺虞》“從■”异文的发现说明今本《召南·驺虞》可能并不是原始形态,其原本可能并不题为“驺虞”,而仅是一首描写狩猎场面的歌谣。颂类《驺虞》的逸失反映了西周乐舞逸失的严重情况,也反映了《周颂》原本与乐舞相配的长篇多章性质及其中的组诗现象。

The early documents on the music of“Zou Yu”mainly concentrated on three areas:first,The Book of Songs·Zhao Nan·Zou Yu;second,“Zou Yu”in“Three Rites”,which the king regarded as shooting festival;third,“Zou Yu”created by King Cheng of Zhou Dynasty in Mo Zi·Three Debates.From Zheng Xuan onwards,people considered“Zou Yu”of the great shooting festival and Mo Zi as the“Zou Yu”in The Book of Songs.However,judging from the specific use of“Zou Yu”in“Three Rites”and the context of“Zou Yu”in Mo Zi,these two“Zou Yu”should be different from the current version of Zhao Nan·Zou Yu,which was a long celebratory song applied to the rank and integrated poetry,music,and dance,and either it has been lost when The Book of Songs was compiled,or it has gradually died out because it was not included in The Book of Songs.The discovery of the variant“從”in Anda bamboo slips’s“Zuo Yu”indicated that the present version of Zhao Nan·Zuo Yu may not be its original form,and it may not have been entitled“Zuo Yu”,but merely a song describing a hunting scene,which was misunderstood by the people of the Warring States as“Zou Yu”in“Three Rites”,therefore it was included in the National Wind·Zhao Nan together with Cai Fan and Cai Ping.The loss of“Zou Yu”reflects the serious situation of Western Zhou music and dance,also reminds us to pay attention to“Zhou Song”with a long,multichapter nature that matches the music and dance,as well as the phenomenon of group poems in it.