新《体育法》视野下操纵足球比赛行为的认定、处罚与救济

Identification,Sanction and Remedy of Manipulating Football Matches from the Perspective of the Newly Revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Physical Culture and Sports

新修订的《体育法》对于操纵体育比赛行为采取“违反体育道德与体育赛事规则,弄虚作假、营私舞弊”的表述,首次就操纵比赛行为的行政处分、政务处分、违纪责任、行政处罚以及民事责任与刑事责任作出了全面性的规定。但作为体育基本法,在规定上不免具有宏观性、总体性与概括性,对于规则适用等具体问题没有提供操作性指引。对此,至少需要厘定操纵比赛行为认定、处罚与救济3个方面的具体适用规则。以足球为例,研究发现:操纵比赛行为认定,主体包括比赛、赛事、活动参与者及足球行业相关管理者;主观要件以故意为原则,过失与无过错为例外;客体为改变赛事结果或过程;客观要件则包括作为与不作为。在处罚方面,《体育法》既充分尊重体育组织的处罚权,又体现了处罚对象的差异化与责任形式的多样化;体育组织所做出的停赛、取消参赛资格决定具有管理/行政性质,与处罚性决定并存不违反“一事不二罚”原则。在救济方面,可以针对行政处分、政务处分、违纪处罚以及行政处罚采取不同的救济方式与路径。

The newly revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Physical Culture and Sports adopts the expression“violation of sportsmanship and sports event rules,falsification,and malpractice”for the manipulation of sports competitions.For the first time,comprehensive provisions have been made on administrative punishment,administrative penalties,disciplinary responsibilities,administrative sanctions,as well as civil and criminal responsibilities for game manipulation.However,as the basic law of sports,the regulations are inevitably macroscopic,general in nature,and there is no operational guidance for specific issues such as the application of rules.In this regard,it is necessary to determine at least three specific applicable rules for the identification of manipulation of sports competitions,punishment and relief.Taking football as an example,the research finds that the main body of the identification of game manipulation behaviors includes participants of games,competitions,activities and relevant managers of the football industry;the subjective element is based on the principle of intention,with negligence and faultlessness as exemptions;the object is to change the result or process of the game,with actions and omissions as the objective elements.In terms of punishment,the newly revised Sports Law not only fully respects the punishment rights of sports organizations,but also reflects the differentiation of punishment subjects and the diversification of forms of responsibility.In sports disciplinary sanctions,the decision of suspension and disqualification has a management/administrative nature,and the coexistence of disciplinary decisions does not violate the principle of“ne bis in idem”.In terms of relief,different relief methods and paths can be adopted for administrative punishment,administrative penalties,disciplinary responsibilities,and administrative sanctions.