基于鸟类栖息地营建的郊野公园规划设计研究——以石家庄龙泉湖公园东区为例

Country park planning and design based on bird habitat construction: a case study of Longquan Lake Park east district, Shijiazhuang of northern China

【目的】以物种多样性保护为目标,鸟类栖息地营建为切入点,提出郊野公园景观提升方法及策略【方法】通过对石家庄龙泉湖公园周边地区进行鸟类研究,选择出现频次和研究资料较多的鸟类为目标种,并对其生态习性进行研究,归纳目标鸟类对栖息地的需求。从空间角度构建水平、垂直两个维度的鸟类栖息地适宜性指标体系,分别对水体类型、水域面积、驳岸类型及水岸形态、滨水缓冲带、植物覆盖度、惊飞距离、水深、植物高度等指标进行研究分析,得出郊野公园鸟类栖息地景观设计依据及方法。【结果】共确定23个鸟类目标种,建立鸟类栖息地约20.3 hm^2,其中水域栖息地约11.4 hm^2,共有6个分区:各分区水域面积在2.6~5.8 hm^2之间;水生植物覆盖度在30%~65%之间;惊飞距离为50 m;平均水深在0.8~2.5 m之间;水生植物高度平均为0.3~1.8 m。陆域栖息地约8.9 hm^2,共有6个分区:各分区滨水过渡带乔木覆盖度在10%~16%之间,灌木覆盖度在35%~44%之间,草本覆盖度在40%~55%之间;植物平均高度为8.6~22.5 m;地被种类在12~31种之间;惊飞距离为50 m。【结论】(1)从空间尺度指标入手,构建鸟类栖息地适宜性指标体系,提出营建策略,可以为郊野公园的规划设计提供理论支撑和实践指导。(2)郊野公园应设置大小不同,功能丰富,具备蜿蜒自然缓坡驳岸和一定水深的水体空间;植物景观在满足鸟类对水域、近岸缓冲带、陆域范围植物覆盖度、群落组成形式、高度需求的同时还应提升地被丰富度;园路及场地应采用近自然材质和低鸟类干扰的策略。(3)在郊野公园规划设计过程中既要重视鸟类对栖息地的需求和不同鸟类的种间关系,同时还应满足人类休闲游憩的需求,实现人-鸟的和谐共处。

[Objective] Put species diversity protection as the goal, bird habitat construction as the breakthrough point, recommend methods and strategies were put forward for promoting country park landscape quality. [Method] After the survey of bird species being conducted in Longquan Lake area, some target species of birds were selected. Through the study and analysis of the ecological habits of the target species, the need for habitat was clarified. Vertical and horizontal space of bird habitat suitability index system was constructed, including water type, habitat area, water bank form, waterfront buffer zone, plant coverage, terror distance,water depth and plant height. These indices were analyzed and summarized to draw a scientific and rational country park landscape plan. [Result] A total of 23 target species of birds were identified and their habitats were about 20.3 hectares, including 11.4 hectares of water area habitats and 8.9 hectares of land area habitats. Water area habitats had six zones: the surface area of water in each zone was between 2.6 and 5.8 hectares. The coverage of aquatic plants was between 30% and 65%. The flush distance was 50 meters;the average water depth was between 0.8 and 2.5 meters. The average height of aquatic plants was 0.3 and 1.8 meters. Land habitat also had six zones: arbor coverage of the waterfront buffer area in each zone was between 10% and 16%, shrub coverage was between 35% and 44% and herb coverage was between 40% and 55%.The average plant height was 8.6 to 22.5 meters. Herb ranged from 12 to 31 species;the flush distance was 50 meters too. [Conclusion](1) The index system of bird habitat suitability was constructed and the construction strategy was proposed, which could provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the planning and design of country parks.(2) Country parks should have different sizes, rich functions, winding natural slope revetment and a certain depth of water space;plant landscape should not only meet birds ’ requirements for water area, near-shore buffer zone, vegetation coverage,community composition and height, but also enhance the richness of ground cover. Park roads and sites should adopt a strategy of near-natural materials and low bird disturbance.(3) During the planning and design of country parks, attention should be paid not only to the demand of birds for habitat and the relationship between different species of birds, but also to meet the needs of human leisure and recreation, so as to realize the harmonious coexistence of man and birds.