从中央到地方——固原隋唐墓葬所反映的等级制度与丧葬礼制

From Central to Local:The Hierarchy and Funeral Ceremony System Reflected in the Tombs of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in Guyuan

唐代墓葬等级制度的健全是与丧葬法式的颁布息息相关的,因此,这些与丧葬有关的法令内容大多是针对违礼越制或厚葬之风而展开^([1])。众所周知,唐高宗时期唐代墓葬的等级制度已十分森严,多用于约束高级官吏,这是因为初唐时期的皇亲贵胄或重臣僭越现象较为普遍,因而除法令外,还有格式制敕对相关令文进行补充,二者配合使用。而伴随着盛唐时期厚葬之风在民间的持续蔓延,格式制敕的等级约束意义则愈发明显,这一阶段丧葬令与格式制敕主要用来限制因社会经济发展,下层官吏与富豪百姓日益增长的对葬礼的较高要求。因此中唐以后,适用于社会变化的丧葬章程的转型,成为墓葬等级制度的新内容,庶人也被纳入了法制的考察范畴之内。

The hierarchical concept of tombs in the Sui and Tang Dynasties in Guyuan area has been very obvious.From a macro perspective,although Sui and Tang tombs maintained close ties with Guanzhong at the institutional level,some popular funeral contents in Guanzhong were not very common,but continued to maintain local characteristics.From a micro perspective,the implementation of the burial hierarchy in this area is basically characterized by the“Sinicization”of the Sogdian ethnic groups living here,so it has more political color.From the actual situation,the implementation of the burial hierarchy and funeral ritual system from the central to the local level is an epitome of the local political ecology,that is,its implementation often depends on the organizational system of medium and high-level tombs in the region,and is very vulnerable to local factors,especially for Yuanzhou,which moves between Hu and Han,In addition to the objective factors that Tubo invaded and harassed the central government for a short time and lost its control over it,the changes of the central government’s policy towards Hu and the decline of horse politics in Northwest China are also an important reason for its gradual alienation from Guanzhong in the late Tang Dynasty.