渤海早期王城考古新探

A New Archaeological Exploration of the First Capital of the Bohai Kingdom

渤海地方政权的统治中心,按照史料文献的记载,唐玄宗天宝时期(742~756年)为显州,天宝末年徙至上京,唐德宗贞元年间(785~805年)又一度迁至东京。这些记载得到了考古学的证实,已经发掘的吉林和龙西古城^([1])、黑龙江宁安上京城^([2])、吉林珲春八连城^([3]),分别对应了以上3个统治中心。但从渤海建立的698年到天宝前的40余年间,亦即渤海早期政权的统治中心(早期王城)在何处,对应的城址是哪一个,则始终是历史、考古学界众说纷纭的问题。由于文献记载的匮乏,考古材料成为边疆历史研究取得突破的重要途径^([4])。2002、2003年对于吉林敦化敖东城、永胜两处遗址的发掘,2013年以来对于吉林图们磨盘村山城的发掘^([5]),为探索渤海早期王城所在提供了宝贵的线索。本稿拟在前人研究的基础上^([6]),对渤海早期王城关联的考古学材料进行梳理和解读。不当之处,尚祈指正。

The archaeological evidence for the first Bohai capital in Dunhua,Jilin,including the Aodong urban site,Yongsheng site,and Chengzi Mountain hillfort,is insufficient.However,Liuding Mountain is the burial site of early Bohai nobility,indicating the existence of a city site or large settlement in the Dunhua Basin during the early Bohai period.The analysis of Aodong urban site and the newly discovered Bohai remains at the western side of Yongsheng site provide preliminary clues to support this argument.The hillfort at the Mopan village of Tumen was constructed in the late 7th century and remained in use until the mid-8th century.Four hundred years later,it was re-utilized by the Dongxia regime.The early remains of the hillfort are highly likely to be remnants of the first capital city of the Bohai State.During the Tianbao era of the Emperor Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty,the Bohai State relocated its ruling center to Xianzhou(now the city site of Helong,referred to as the“Central Capital”after implementing the Five-Capital System),and at the end of the Tianbao era,it moved the capital again to Shangjing.With the stability of the external situation of the Bohai State,the defensive-oriented Mopan village hillfort was subsequently abandoned.