牛河梁遗址“女神庙”与积石冢年代的再认识

The New Research about Age of the Goddess Temple and Stone Tombs from Niuheliang Site

20世纪80年代,牛河梁遗址"女神庙"及积石冢[1]的发现在国内外学术界引起广泛关注,这一重大发现更新了以往人们对于红山文化发展水平的认识,并直接推动了中国文明起源问题的研究。"女神庙"因其复杂的结构和罕见的出土遗物而在中国新石器时代考古中占有重要地位,是红山文化最重要的考古发现之一,以"唯玉为葬"[2]为特征的积石冢亦格外引人注目。

By comparing the pattern of tower-shaped pottery from the Goddess Temple of the Niuheliang Site with N2Z4BD:72 from the middle period of Hongshan Culture in the same site and refer to carbon 14 dating data,we propose that the Goddess Temple should belongs the remains of the middle period of Hongshan Culture.This important relic age change makes it necessary for us to revise the combined address of“altar,temple,and tomb”,to make the etiquette and sacrificial relics of the middle and late period of the Hongshan Culture correctly correspond to its time.According to male stone statues which excavated from the late period of the Hongshan culture Banlashan cemetery,it is assumed that Hongshan Culture may have the evolutionary process of the sacrificial and worshiping objects from the goddess to the god.According to the stratigraphic relationship provided by the second site,four tombs.We divided the stone tombs into two periods and three phases,and discussed the absolute age of these three phases stone tombs.A comprehensive analysis of the changes of worship objects in the late period of Hongshan culture and various social phenomena expressed by the stone tombs,We concluded that Hongshan culture entered civilized society in 3300 BC or earlier.