校园欺凌自杀与学校责任——基于日本1989-2018年民事裁判文书的分析

School Bullying Suicide and Civil Liability——Based on the Analysis of the Court Decisions in Japan(1989-2018)

分析日本校园欺凌自杀诉讼的民事裁判文书可以发现,校园欺凌自杀更多地发生在初中阶段的公立学校,而法院认定学校需要承担责任的比例并不高。日本学校防治校园欺凌的法律义务来源在于2013年颁布、2015年修订的《欺凌预防对策推进法》,责任依据为《国家赔偿法》《民法》等法律。法院在判断学校是否对学生校园欺凌自杀承担责任时,主要从欺凌严重性、权益侵害、过失以及学校过失与自杀行为存在的因果关系等要件进行判断。其中核心问题是判断学校是否违反安全保障义务,而前提是学校存在预见欺凌自杀的可能性。随着法律制度的完善以及社会对校园欺凌认识的提高,对学校的要求逐渐从预见校园欺凌自杀的具体可能性转向一般性地认识到欺凌严重性。

Through a full range of sample analysis of the court decisions on campus bullying suicide litigation in Japan during the 1989-2018,it can be found that campus bullying suicides are more likely to occur in public junior high school,and one third of the schools need to bear responsibility which is not very high in percentage.In the jurisprudence,the law basis of the school’s obligation to prevent school bullying is the Act of Preventative Countermeasures to School Bullying,and the main basis of responsibility is the National Compensation Law.When the court determines whether the school is responsible for the school bullying suicide,it mainly judges from the elements of illegality,violation of rights and interests,negligence,and the causal relationship between the school’s negligence and suicide.The core issue is to determine whether the school violates the obligation of safety protection,and the premise of violating the obligation of safety protection is the possibility of anticipating bullying suicide on the school side.In this regard,as the legal system improves and society’s awareness of school bullying increases,the requirements for schools are from specific possibilities of foresee ability of bullying to general foresee ability possibilities of the seriousness of bullying.