《论语》对“内圣外王”的构建

The Analects of Confucius on the Construction of "Inner Sage and Outer King"

“内圣外王”虽然最开始见于《庄子·天下》,但通过“内圣之道”达到“外王之道”更符合儒家的构建。尽管孔子认为圣人是道德修养最高的层次,但在《论语》中对于“内圣”的构建较为现实地定位在君子层面,提倡孝悌,克己复礼,仁礼内外一体。《论语》对外王之道无明确论述,但平均安定的社会与尊贤使能的政治是孔子的理想构建。《论语》“内圣外王”的结合在更大程度上以内圣为基础,以教化、表率以及践行民本思想与开放式人才观为手段,在这一政治文化理想状态中,内圣与外王既可以视为表里一体,也可以视为同一过程。

Although the"inner sage and outer king"was first seen in Zhuangzi·Tianxia,it is more in line with the construction of Confucianism to achieve the"outer king’s way"through the"inner sage’s way".Although Confucius believed that sages were the highest level of moral cultivation,the construction of"inner sages"in the Analects of Confucius was more realistically positioned at the level of gentlemen,advocating filial piety,selfrestraint,and integrity of benevolence and courtesy.The Analects of Confucius does not explicitly discuss the doctrine of foreign kings,but an average and stable society and a politics of respecting the talents and making use of their abilities are the ideal construction of Confucius.In The Analects of Confucius,the combination of internal saints and external kings is based on internal saints to a greater extent,and takes enlightenment,example,and the practice of people-oriented thinking and open talent concept as the means.In this ideal state of political culture,internal saints and external kings can be regarded as one body,or the same process.