论我国民法根本违约制度之完善——以PICC根本不履行规则为镜鉴

On the Perfection of the System of Fundamental Breach in China's Civil Law——Taking the Identification Rule of Fundamental Non-Performance of PICC for Reference

原《合同法》根本违约制度借鉴了CISG根本违约规则和PICC根本不履行之规定,《民法典》基本继受了这一立场。我国根本违约制度存在的问题是规则设计较为简单,其辅助性规则宽限期制度与根本违约的关系也不甚明了,不能满足司法实践的需要。PICC第7.3.1条规定的根本不履行制度是对CISG根本违约制度的继承与发展,其通过概括加列举的方式进一步明确了根本不履行的界定标准。PICC第7.1.5条对宽限期制度的规定澄清了根本不履行、宽限期及合同解除的关系。通过对PICC规则的学理与判例分析可知,“实质剥夺非违约方的合同期待”是判定根本不履行的原则,具体案例再结合PICC列举的具体标准加以判定。违约方可预见性标准是构成根本不履行之例外,宽限期制度与根本不履行的认定无关。上述判定原则及认定标准对我国《民法典》根本违约制度之完善有重要参考价值,可予以借鉴。

The original fundamental breach of contract regime of the Contract Law drew on the CISG fundamental breach of contract rules and the provisions of the PICC on non-performance,and the Civil Code basically inherited this position.The problem with China's fundamental breach of contract system is that the design of the rules is relatively simple,and the relationship between the auxiliary rule grace period system and the fundamental breach of contract is not clear,which can not meet the needs of judicial practice.The non-performance regime stipulated in PICC Article 7.3.1 is the inheritance and development of the CISG's fundamental default regime,which further clarifies the definition of non-performance by summarizing and enumerating.The grace period system in PICC Article 7.1.5 clarifies the relationship between non-performance,grace period and contract termination.Through the academic theory and case analysis of the PICC rules,it can be seen that“substantial deprivation of contractual expectations of non-breaching parties”is the principle of determining non-performance at all,and specific cases are determined in combination with the specific criteria listed by PICC.The foreseeability standard of the defaulting party constitutes an exception to non-performance,and the grace period regime is irrelevant to the determination of non-performance.The above judgment principles and recognition standards have important reference value for the improvement of the fundamental breach system of the Civil Code in China,and can be used for reference.