论规范超标的额查封的执行行为——兼谈民事执行中的比例原则

The Constraint of Behavior of Civil Enforcement about Exceeding Target Amount of Attachment of Property——Concerning the Principle of Proportionality in Civil Enforcement

基于公平正义理念的法治国家,行政法上公权力的行使必须注意目的、手段以及目的效果对人民基本权利的影响,此即比例原则。而民事执行行为是根据执行依据、执行规范、财产行政管理性规范、司法政策等加以实施,具有公权力行使的性质和裁量因素。超标的额查封的规制规则、范围以及审查认定规则决定了其裁量空间极小,没有必要引入比例原则。即便坚持公法上比例原则的德国,强制执行法中比例原则内容也被更具体的法律规则所替代。我国超标的额查封的实践表明,裁量性因素具体化的指引规则与财产数额分割规则具有替代比例原则内容的作用。如果我国强制执行立法再把比例原则作为裁量性原则加以规定,还不如完善具体的执行规范、财产行政管理性规范等。原因在于通过具体的财产管理规范可以确定适当数额,或者将裁量性因素具体化,以便于执行救济、规范执行行为。

In a country ruled by law based on the concept of fairness and justice,the implement of public power must pay attention to the impact of the basic rights of the people in administrative law,that is,the principle of proportionality.Civil enforcement acts are implemented in accordance with enforcement basis,enforcement norms,property administrative norms,judicial policies,etc.,and have the nature and discretionary factors of the exercise of public power.The regulatory rules,scope and review rules of the exceeding target amount of attachment of property determine the discretionary space is extremely small,and there is no need to introduce the principle of proportionality.Even in Germany,which adheres to the principle of proportionality in public law,the content of the principle of proportionality in enforcement law has been replaced by a more specific legal concept.The practice of exceeding target amount of attachment of property in China shows that the guiding rules for the discretionary factors and the rules for the division of property amounts have the effect of replacing the content of the principle of proportionality.If China’s enforcement legislation stipulates the principle of proportionality as a discretionary principle,it is better to improve the specific implementation norms and property administrative normS.In this way,the appropriate amount is determined through specific property management norms,or the discretionary factors are concretized to facilitate the enforcement of remedies and standardize enforcement behavior.