达斡尔族萨满神灵的类型分析——以斡米南仪式及其神歌文本为例

A Typological Analysis of Shaman Spirits Among the Daur People——the Example of the Ominaan Ritual and Its Spiritual Song Texts

本文首先根据达斡尔族萨满教研究的重要文献《达斡尔族社会历史调查》介绍19世纪50年代开展社会历史调查时期收录的达斡尔族供奉的十几种(个)神灵,并对其进行了简单评析;然后,根据对当代活跃的达斡尔族大萨满的访谈,介绍新近采集到的达斡尔族普遍供奉的主要神灵类型及其复杂性;进而以一场真实的达斡尔族萨满仪式——斡米南仪式及其神歌文本为例,介绍了达斡尔族的灵魂观、神灵观和宇宙观,以及更多生动的、未曾在早期文献中出现的神灵,并据此把达斡尔族萨满神灵分为祖先神与助手神两大类,从而揭示了达斡尔族萨满教神灵体系的庞大与复杂。总之,这既是对当代萨满访谈记录的印证和充实,也是对达斡尔族神灵体系和结构认识的丰富和发展。

At first,the article introduces the more than ten spirits and deities worshipped by Daur people.It is based on some researches on Daur shamanism undertaken in the 1950 s as well as on interviews with alive Daur master shamans.The article also introduces the main types of deities worshipped by Daur people and the spirit complex.In addition,a Daur shaman ceremony,the Ominaan ritual and its spiritual texts are taken as an example to reveal Daur people’s concepts of soul and spirit and their cosmology.Accordingly,the author divides the Daur deities into two categories:the ancestral gods and helping spirits.