以文化之:明朝对湖广土司的文化涵育及其影响

Culturalization:the Cultural Governance and Influence of Huguang Tusi in the Ming Dynasty

明朝廷对湖广土司的管理非常注重依靠文化的影响作用,达到以文化之的目的。其方式和内容主要是令土司子弟入学,接受系统的学校教育和命令土司参加各种重大典礼,在典礼上使土司接受礼仪熏陶。当土司履行征调等义务时,明廷又会通过奖励或惩罚等措施在土司心中置入“忠勇”等观念。这些文化涵育措施对湖广土司发挥了重要影响。在日常生活中,土司广泛结交汉族知识分子,与之展开文化交流,一些土司的汉文化水平不断提高,表现出一种从地方霸主向“士绅化”转变的倾向,他们与朝廷的联系不断紧密,对中央朝廷的文化认同和国家认同不断增强。

The Ming Court paid great attention to the influence of culture in the management of Huguang Tusi to achieve the purpose of cultural cultivation.The main methods and contents are to order the children of the Tusis to go to school,where they were taught in confucian culture.around the Tusi district.The Ming Court also ordered the Tusis to participate in various major ceremonies,at which the Tusi was influenced by etiquette;When the Tusi fulfilled his duties such as recruitment,the Ming court would put the concept of"loyalty and courage"into the Tusi’s mind through reward or punishment.These cultural cultivation measures had an important impact on the Huguang Tusis.In daily life,the Tusi made extensive contacts with Han intellectuals and conducted cultural exchanges for a long time.The Chinese cultural level of some Tusis has been continuously improved,showing a tendency to change from local hegemony to"gentrification".They have closer ties with the imperial court,and their cultural and national identity with the central imperial court has been strengthened.