刑法中抽象危险犯的立法限缩路径研究

The Legislative Limitation of Abstract Dangerous Crime in Criminal Law

抽象危险犯在各国刑法中呈现增多趋势,这在控制风险与保护法益的同时,也带来一定的法治风险,不仅导致刑法内的教义学难题,包括缺乏出罪的标准、刑法与行政法交叉时的适用难题、犯罪认定中主观方面缺位等,而且会导致刑法不正义,包括抽象危险犯自身的有效性质疑、过度入罪化对个体权利的侵犯、强化刑法的工具主义等。面对刑事立法的积极主义态势,对抽象危险犯的立法限缩路径应当引起立法者重视,并从三重视角实现这一目标:一是以抽象危险犯的性质为基础,对其设置前提进行必要性审查与论证;二是以法益保护位阶为基础,明确抽象危险犯的适用范围;三是以犯罪的不法类型为基础,对抽象危险犯设置限缩其成立范围的合理限制条件。

Abstract dangerous crimes have shown an increasing trend in the criminal law of various countries,which not only controls social risks and protects legal interests,but also brings some legal risks.On the one hand,it brings doctrinal problems in the criminal law,including the lack of standards for decriminalization,how to apply the law when the criminal law and administrative law overlap,and the absence of subjective in the determination of crimes.Moreover,it will lead to the unjust punishment,such as questioning the functional validity of abstract dangerous crime itself,the violation of individual rights by over criminalization,and strengthening the instrumentalism of criminal law and so on.Facing the positive trend of criminal legislation,legislators should pay attention to the limitation path of abstract dangerous crime.