增材制造三维微点阵材料力学性能表征与细观优化设计研究进展

Research Progress in Mechanical Characterization and Mesoscopic Optimal Design of Additively-Manufactured 3D Microlattice Materials

三维微点阵材料是一种由复杂拓扑胞元周期性排列构成的超轻质结构材料,兼具极低的密度、优越的力学特性和良好的能量吸收等性能,是满足轻量化、抗冲击和多功能集成需求的重要新型战略材料.增材制造技术的快速发展,为三维微点阵材料的制备和优化设计带来了便利的条件,二者的结合为航空航天、轨道交通以及武器装备等领域实现防护结构轻量化和多功能一体化提供了新思路.为阐明增材制造三维微点阵材料的动态力学特性与变形失效机理,进一步开展材料多尺度优化设计,拓展增材制造微点阵材料在冲击防护等领域的应用,对增材制造三维微点阵材料力学行为与设计的研究成果进行了系统的综述和展望.依据增材制造三维微点阵材料的多尺度结构特征,分别评述了不同类型微点阵材料的宏观动力学响应与失效机制、细观性能表征与结构优化设计、微观组织特征与变形机理等方面的研究,展望了未来增材制造三维微点阵材料在冲击防护领域面临的问题和挑战.

Three-dimensional(3D)microlattice material is a kind of ultra-lightweight structural material composed of complex topological cells arranged periodically,which combines extremely low density,superior mechanical properties,and excellent energy absorption capacity.Accordingly,it has become an important novel strategic material to meet the requirements of lightweight,impact resistance,and multifunctional integration.The rapid development of additive manufacturing technology has provided convenient conditions for the fabrication and optimal design of 3Dmicrolattice materials.The combination of microlattice design and additive manufacturing offers new ideas for the realization of lightweight and multifunctional integration of protective structures in aerospace,rail transit,weapons,and other fields.Consequently,the dynamic mechanical properties,deformation mechanism as well as the optimization design of 3Dmicrolattice materials have become major concerns and pose great challenges for their application in the field of impact protection.In this study,the research results on the mechanical behavior and design of additively-manufactured 3Dmicrolattice materials were systematically reviewed and prospected.Based on the multi-scale structure characteristics of additively-manufactured 3Dmicrolattice materials,comments on the properties of different microlattice materials were made from different scales.Firstly,the macroscopic mechanical response of 3Dmicrolattice materials with different cell characteristics was introduced.Some main experimental methods and analytical models were incorporated.The characterization of mesoscopic properties of additively-manufactured microlattice materials,including the quantitative analysis of geometric defects and construction of mesoscopic models,was then presented.Afterwards,the microscopic structural characteristics,deformation mechanisms,and constitutive modeling of additively-manufactured matrix materials were explored.Subsequently,the commonly used mesoscopic structural optimization approaches for microlattice materials were discussed.Some latest developments such as the data-driven design method were exhibited.Lastly,some shortcomings of additive manufacturing in the application of microlattice materials were pointed out.Some potential prospects for future problems and challenges of additively-manufactured 3Dmicrolattice materials in the field of impact protection were also summarized.