生育对已婚女性就业选择的影响研究

Effect of Fertility Status on the Employment Choice of Married Women

本研究采用2012—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,检验生育状况对已婚女性就业选择的影响。结果表明,幼年子女数量的增加会显著降低已婚女性就业率,且对受雇就业的影响大于对自雇创业的影响;曾经因生育中断就业的经历显著降低已婚女性未来受雇就业、自雇创业的概率,生育对就业的负向影响具有长期性;相对于正规就业,幼年子女数量的增加显著提高已婚女性非正规就业的概率;幼年子女数量的增加显著提高已婚女性从就业向非就业、从正规就业向非正规就业转换的概率;祖父母照料孙子女、幼教机构照料、技能培训、互联网使用在生育对已婚女性就业选择影响中发挥了显著的调节效应;随着城镇化水平的提高,幼年子女数量的增加对已婚女性受雇就业、自雇创业的负向影响程度越来越高,幼年子女数量的增加对中等收入家庭已婚女性受雇就业、自雇创业的负向影响程度最高,对乡村已婚女性受雇就业、自雇创业的负向影响程度更高;与3~6岁幼年子女数量的增加相比,0~2岁幼年子女数量的增加对已婚女性受雇就业、自雇创业的负向影响程度更高。

This study uses data from the 2012—2018 China Family Panel Studies to examine the impact of fertility status on the employment choices of married women.The results show that an increase in the number of young children significantly reduces the employment status of married women,and the effect on formal employment is greater than the effect on self-employment.The experience of employment interruption due to childbirth significantly reduces the probability of future formal employment or selfemployment of married women,and the negative impact of fertility status on employment is long term.Compared with formal employment,an increase in the number of young children significantly increases the informal employment of married women,and an increase in the number of young children significantly increases the probability of married women switching from employment to non-employment or from formal employment to informal employment.Intergenerational care for grandchildren,preschool-care institutions,skill training,and Internet use play a significant regulatory effect on the impact of fertility status on the employment choices of married women.With improvements in the level of urbanization,increases in the number of young children have a greater negative impact on married women.s employment and self-employment,especially among women from middle-income families and among women in rural areas.Furthermore,an increase in the number of young children aged 0~2 years has a greater negative impact on the formal employment and self-employment of married women than an increase in the number of young children aged 3~6 years.