电磁波吸波材料吸波原理、制备技术及发展方向

Absorbing principle,preparation technology and development direction of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials

吸波材料是一种电磁功能材料,在电子对抗上面有着广泛的应用。针对材料吸波原理、制备及改性技术开展相关研究,对于完善吸波理论,指导吸波结构件设计具有重要意义和参考价值。总结了吸波材料的吸波原理、微观损耗机制。对吸波材料进行分类,可大致分为:铁氧体类、导电高聚物类、气凝胶类,以及新兴的有机金属碳化物氮化物(MXene)类、高熵陶瓷类和超材料类等。对每一类吸波材料的优缺点进行了研究,包括每一类材料的应用背景、现有制备合成工艺、吸波性能等。分析了改善材料的吸波性能的方法,可以通过表面改性、掺杂、微观结构调控的方式改性,从而提高电导率、磁导率等。对低频吸波材料的未来发展趋势提出了展望。吸波材料设计正在向“材料-结构-制造”一体化的方向发展,吸波材料目前正向着复合化、多元化、微型化、智能化的方向发展。

Wave absorbing material is a kind of electromagnetic functional material,which has been widely used in electronic countermeasures.It is of great significance and reference value to carry out relevant research on the principle,preparation and modification technology of absorbing material for improving the absorbing theory and guiding the design of absorbing structural parts.The absorbing principle and micro loss mechanism of the absorbing materials are summarized.The wave absorbing materials can be roughly divided into ferrites,conductive polymers,aerogels,and emerging organometallic carbides nitride(MXene),high entropy ceramics and metamaterials.The advantages and disadvantages of each kind of absorbing materials were studied,including the application background,the existing synthesis process and the absorbing properties of each kind of materials.The methods to improve the absorbing properties of the materials are analyzed,which can be modified by surface modification,doping and micro-structure control,so as to improve the electrical conductivity and magnetic permeability.The future development trend of low frequency absorbing materials is prospected.The design of absorbing materials is developing in the direction of"material-structure-manufacturing"integration,and absorbing materials are currently developing in the direction of compound,diversified,miniaturized and intelligent.