外泌体生物传感器研究进展

Research progressof biosensors for detection of exosomes

外泌体是由脂质双分子层膜结构组成的细胞外小体,属于细胞外囊泡的一个亚群,由正常细胞及癌细胞的多步内吞作用分泌到胞外,携带有蛋白质、脂类、核酸(DNA和RNA)、代谢产物等多种功能分子,促进细胞间的交流。肿瘤细胞、基质细胞、免疫细胞来源的外泌体,在肿瘤的发生发展、原发灶转移以及免疫逃逸等过程中具有重要作用。外泌体携带的内容物来自于源细胞,在癌细胞来源的外泌体和正常细胞来源的外泌体中,部分分子的含量有显著差异,可作为癌症早期诊断以及治疗监测的生物标志物。近年来利用生物传感器对癌症相关的外泌体进行传感检测受到了广泛关注。用于外泌体检测的生物传感器主要包括两大类:(1)电读出生物传感器;(2)光读出生物传感器。本文分析了针对疾病诊断的传统外泌体检测技术存在的缺陷,总结了不同类型生物传感器对癌症相关的外泌体中蛋白和核酸检测的研究进展,并对利用生物传感器构建外泌体检测方法所面临的挑战进行了讨论,对未来的发展方向提出了展望。

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles composed of lipid bilayer membrane structures,which belong to a subgroup of extracellular vesicles.Exosomes are secreted extracellularly by multi-step endocytosis of normal cells and cancer cells.Exosomes carry a variety of functional molecules such as proteins,lipids,nucleic acids(DNA and RNA),metabolites,etc.,and facilitate intercellular communication.Exosomes of tumor cell,stromal cell,and immune cell origin play an important role in tumor formation,metastasis of primary foci and immune escape.Exosome has been used as biomarkers for the early-stage detection of cancer and therapeutic monitoring because exosomes carry contents derived from source cells,and some molecules are significantly different in cancer cell-derived and normal cell-derived exosomes and can be used as biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis as well as for therapeutic monitoring.Biosensor-based cancer-associated exosome detection has been widely studied in recent years.The biosensors used for exosome detection include two major categories:(1)Biosensors based on electrical signals;(2)Biosensors based on optical signals.In this paper,the progress of traditional exosome detection techniques and their shortcomings in disease diagnosis were analyzed and different types of biosensors in detecting protein and nucleic acid in cancer-associated exosomes were summarized.Meanwhile,the challenge faced by biosensor-based exosome detection was discussed,and the prospect of the development of biosensor-based exosome detection in the future was forecasted.