天道视域中的北宋理学

Northern Song Neo-Confucianism from the Perspective of the Heavenly Way

北宋是理学的开创和奠基期。天道作为理学的基本视点,在各思想体系中有不同体现。周敦颐以"无极而太极"的本体宇宙论为基础,将天地人三才通而为一,并把《周易》和《中庸》结合起来,从天人视角解释"诚"。张载以气的太虚和聚散性质为依据,将儒学的基本问题"性与天道"立于实在论基础之上,并以之批评佛道二教。邵雍构造出宇宙先天法则,作为经世原理,避免人的任意造作扰乱万物的自然秩序。二程兄弟在天道的体认和修养方法上路向不同:大程着眼于全体,小程着眼于总体中的区分;大程倾向于直觉,小程强调格物穷理;大程和乐地觉解和顺受仁本体,小程则分涵养用敬与进学致知为两途。北宋理学家完成了理学的各个重要方面,为朱熹的集大成奠定了基础。

The Northern Song dynasty was the period of the origination and foundation of Neo-Confucianism.The Heavenly way forms the basic viewpoint of Neo-Confucianism and appears in different form in various systems of thought.Zhou Dunyi understood the onto-cosmological theory of“the unlimited ultimate”(wu ji er tai ji无极而太极)as fundamental,comprehending the three agencies of Heaven,Earth and Man as one,and combining the Zhouyi and Zhongyong to interpret“sincerity”(cheng诚)from the perspective of Heaven and Man.Zhang Zai understood the ultimately vacuous and alternately accumulative and dispersing qualities of qi as fundamental,grounding the basic concern in Confucianism about human nature and the Heavenly way on a realist foundation,while criticizing Buddhism and Taoism.Shao Yong constructed the a priori laws of the universe as the principles of statecraft,to avoid that human arbitrary artifice disturbs the natural order.The two Cheng brothers went in different directions when it comes to the method for realizing and cultivating the Heavenly way.The older Cheng focused on the whole,while the younger Cheng focused on the distinctive parts within the whole.The older Cheng was inclined to intuition,while the younger Cheng emphasized the investigation of things to exhaust their principles.The older Cheng harmoniously and happily understood and compliantly accepted humaneness as the original substance,while the younger Cheng distinguished two ways of self-restrained by means of respectfulness and the advancement of learning through the extension of knowledge.The Neo-Confucians of the Northern Song completed each of the important aspects of Neo-Confucianism,which laid the foundation for its complete integration by Zhu Xi.