设论体与儒家思想:汉代贤人失志之赋的另一种体式

The Hypothetical Discourse Form and Confucian Thought:Another Form of the Han Dynasty "Fu on the Worthy Person’s Frustrated Ambition"

从汉代设论作品的内容,结合两汉社会变迁的史学背景,可以了解士人作出政治选择的原因,以及其自我志向与儒家思想的关联。两汉之际的设论作品,在内容上通常分为两个部分,第一部分是士人对于当下政治环境的评论,第二部分则是个人志向的表达。设论文的内容虽然在不同时代、不同作者的笔下显现出了多样化,但是在"显隐观""俟命观""通变观"三个方面,则不约而同地受到儒家思想的影响,展现出两汉士人修身立德、灵活处世的人生追求。

The aim of this essay is to incorporate the historiographical context of the transition from the Western to the Eastern Han in an analysis of six pieces of hypothetical discourse writing of the Han Dynasty,in order to understand the reasons behind political decisions made by scholar-officials,and to explore the relation between their own personal ambitions and Confucian thought.In terms of content,the hypothetical discourse writings of the transition period between the Western and Eastern Han are usually divided into two sections.The first part is the scholar-officials’comments on the political environment of the moment,and the second is the expressions of their individual ambitions.Although there appears great variation in the content of hypothetical discourse writings of different periods and different authors,but when it comes to their views on eremitism,fatalism,and how to understand natural change,they all happen to be influenced by Confucianism,revealing the lifelong pursuit of moral selfcultivation and social aptitude of the literati of the Western and Eastern Han dynasties.