页岩气开发与水资源相关问题研究综述

Review of shale gas development and water resources

页岩气是影响国际天然气市场和世界能源格局的重要资源,但因其本身及其开发技术的特性,开发过程中会对环境产生一定影响,尤其是水资源环境。页岩气开发的水资源风险来自水消耗和水污染两方面。页岩气开发的耗水量因地区和时间的不同而有所差异,多数研究指出这种耗水量对区域水资源的影响并不显著,但因为缺乏对季节性缺水和区域可用水的考量,难以准确反映出页岩气开发水消耗对区域水资源的影响。页岩气开发过程中,由于钻井、固井、水力压裂阶段的液体或甲烷泄漏和后续返排水的处理不当,可能会造成不同程度的地表水和地下水污染,对此学术界仍有争议。针对当前存在的水资源风险,推动技术进步、优化水资源管理方案、制定水资源管制政策等措施,都能有效控制页岩气开发的高耗水问题,加强行业监管力度、完善政府监管政策、制定相应的法律法规,则可以有效规避页岩气开发的水污染问题。

Shale gas is an important resource affecting the international natural gas market and the world’s energy structure.However,due to its own characteristics and the characteristics of its development technology,shale gas development will have a certain impact on the environment,especially on water resources environment.Its risks of shale gas development come from such two aspects as water consumption and water contamination.The water consumption of shale gas development varies by region and time.Most studies do not think this water consumption has significant impact on regional water resources but it is difficult to accurately reflect the impact of water consumption when developing shale gas on regional water resources for lack of consideration of seasonal water scarcity and regional water availability.During the development of shale gas,different degrees of surface water and groundwater contamination may happen due to the leakage of liquid or methane in the drilling and cementing stage,hydraulic fracturing stage,and improper treatment of flowback and produced water.However,there are still disputes in the academic world as to whether contamination occurs.In view of the current water resources risks,promoting technological progress,optimizing water resources management plans,and formulating water resources policies,could effectively control the high-water consumption problem of shale gas development.Strengthening industry and government supervision and management and formulating corresponding laws and regulations can effectively avoid water contamination problems during the shale gas development.