跨越海域:明代中琉使节船上的分工组织与船民社会

The Composition and Organization of Crews on the China-Ryukyu Tribute Vessels in Ming Dynasty

基于明代中后期中琉之间较为翔实的史料,中琉使节船在大海中航行时人员的配置、组织、船员来源等情况较为明晰。中琉使节船上形成了以官方为主导、民间航海力量为辅助的远洋航行“小社会”。在使琉球封舟上船上人员采用了“正副使节官员—指挥把总—有经验的分管负责人—航海技术人员—兵士、随从、杂役”分工明确、相互协作的层级管理方式,而琉球进贡船等则大致采用“出使官员—航海人员—从役”的组织模式。在远离陆地时,船上权力源于官方政治权力与民间船民社会自身惯有的秩序。而且,中琉官方使节船,其造船与驾船都离不开民间海洋力量的支持,船员的组合往往是跨越海域与籍贯的。通常来说,航海人员的择取依赖于海外贸易兴盛的港澳,并以有驾船经验、熟悉某段航程或有语言交流基础的人员优先。

The tribute vessels were a“small society”commanded by government officials and operated through folk navigational methods.They adopted a hierarchical management characterized by a clear division of labor and mutual cooperation that reflected the hybrid influence of the state's political power and local maritime society.The sailors came from different maritime zones and countries.Their selection usually depended on ports where overseas trade was booming,as well as expertise with navigation and foreign languages.