明后期月港海外贸易监管体制及其权力运行——兼论月港衰弱的体制原因

The Regulatory Framework of Overseas Trade at Yuegang and Its Operation in the Late Ming:Systemic Reasons for Yuegang's Decline

隆庆月港开禁特定的内外政治意图,形塑了部分开禁的特殊样貌,催生出一套海禁重于贸易、监督重于管理的海外贸易监管体制。月港特殊开禁格局及其所带来的责权利错位与洋利分配不均等弊端,是监管体制建构难以回避的话题。经府、道、院三方持续博弈,最终形成漳州府领导、府佐为政、道院监督的分工架构,导致体制运作呈现出运行层级低、协调乏力、责权倒挂、监督失效、权力失控等特征,月港体制迅速被贪官、酷吏、奸商扭曲为贪渎蠹商体制,各项监管措施异化为既得利益群体套利的工具,进而形成一整套灰色运行规则,以及按权分配、费重于税的洋利分配格局,窒息了月港合法贸易的正常开展,成为明后期月港走向衰弱的体制原因。

The opening of Yuegang under the Longqing Emperor contributed to the formation of a system that emphasized maritime prohibition over trade,and regulation over administration.After much bureaucratic wrangling and struggles between the prefectural,circuit,and provincial authorities,a division of labor was formed.Zhangzhou Prefecture took the lead,while the circuit and province were responsible for implementation.This arrangement lent itself to poor coordination,the inversion of responsibilities and power,and ineffective supervision.Officials and merchants abused the Yuegang system to protect their vested interests.These problems inhibited the development of normal trade,and led to weakening of the system during the late Ming.