从中国海关接管粤海常关论晚清海关二元体制的主要原则(1902~1903)

The Incorporation of the Canton Native Customs into the Chinese Maritime Customs,1902-1903:Understanding the Principle of the Late-Qing Dual-Track Maritime Customs System

本文讨论的对象是税务司于1902年至1903年调查的两份粤海大关职员清单。通过分析这两份清单,笔者认为1902年至1903年粤海大关的职员配置与行政组织并未改变,尽管中国海关已经接管粤海常关。粤海大关未改变的原因,是总税务司赫德对接管常关一事持谨慎态度。笔者认为赫德的谨慎态度,显示了晚清海关二元体制的主要原则:常关监督对通商口岸的贸易、关税事务拥有最终认可权。为理解此主要原则,笔者以任用粤海大关的清书为例,分析税务司与常关监督的交涉。笔者认为在交涉过程中,税务司不仅不能够忽视粤海常关监督的意见,而且必须获得他的同意,否则无权擅自改变任用清书的惯例。粤海常关监督意见的必要性,显示税务司对改归中国海关接管的常关职员并不必然拥有绝对的管辖权。

This paper discusses two staff lists of the Head Office of the Canton Native Customs(CNC)investigated by the Commissioner from 1902 to 1903.I argue that the staff configuration and administrative organization of the Head Office were not modified from 1902 to 1903,even after the Chinese Maritime Customs(CMC)had taken charge of the CNC.Robert Hart(1863-1911),the Inspector-General,took a cautious attitude toward modifying the dual-track principle of maritime customs during the late Qing.Under this arrangement,the Superintendent had the final say regarding the trade and collection of duties in the treaty port.In order to understand this core principle,I use the example of the Qingshu(administrative clerk)of the Head Office as an example.When modifying the conventions for the Qingshu’s appointment,the Commissioner could not ignore the Superintendent’s opinions and had to obtain the latter’s permission.Therefore,the Commissioner lacked absolute control over the stuff of the Native Customs even after its takeover by the CMC.