“二元决定论”作用的历史考察——以美国主导建立国联与联合国为例

The Historical Analysis of“Dual Determinism”——Take the Example of the United States Establishing the League of Nations and the United Nations

理想主义与现实主义两种思潮对美国国家行为与外交决策的影响交替存在,托克维尔将这种现象总结为美国参与国际政治的"二元决定论"。二元决定论在两次世界大战后美国筹建国际联盟与联合国、设计战后世界秩序的过程中体现尤为明显。其中,威尔逊政府的外交实践在两种思潮之间摇摆的趋势更为突出,而罗斯福政府则倾向于"调和的理想主义"。实践证明,二元决定论并非两种思潮的势均力敌或并驾齐驱,而是在不同的内、外部环境因素下,两种思潮经由外交决策者的信念内化,在变动与消长态势下,针对涉及国家利益程度不同的议题施加不同影响。在此过程中,是否能有效地平衡两种思潮,成为影响外交得失的一大因素。

The influence of idealism and realism on American national behavior and foreign decision-making alternates.Tocqueville summarized this phenomenon as the“dual determinism”of American participation in international politics.Dual determinism was particularly evident in the process of the establishment of the league of nations and the United Nations and the design of the postwar world order by the United States after the two world wars.The diplomatic practice of the Wilson administration was more prominent in the swing between the two trends of thought,while the Roosevelt administration was inclined to“harmonious idealism”.Practice shows that dual determinism is not an equal or parallel trend of two thoughts.With different internal and external environmental factors,the two thoughts are internalized through the belief of foreign policy makers,and under the trend of change,fluctuation and growth,they exert different influences on issues with different degrees of national interests.In this process,whether the two thoughts could be effectively balanced has become a major factor affecting the pros and cons of diplomacy.