美国反恐进程中的国家豁免立法研究:实践与挑战

Study on the Law of State Immunity Enacted in America’s Counter-terrorism Process: Practices and Challenges

美国反恐进程中的国家豁免立法被称为"反恐立法皇冠上的明珠"。通过国内法院审判外国国家支持恐怖主义的行为,甚至对被告国家课以高额的惩罚性损害赔偿,美国希望达到既吓阻其他国家支持恐怖主义的活动,又补偿受害人损失的目的。虽然迄今为止由于缺席审判、国务院不支持判决执行等原因,未能完全达到既定目标,但随着JASTA的通过,在美国资产较多的国家将面临比较大的司法风险。美国立法突破了管辖权"领域性"的特征,超越了"限制豁免论"的理论框架,并且一定程度上模糊了现行国际法中的国家豁免制度和国家责任制度的界限。

The laws on state immunity enacted in the process of America’s counterterrorism process has been named as the pearl on the imperial crown of the counterterrorism legislation.Hoping to achieve the goals of stopping other nations to sponsor terrorism as well as compensating the victims,American courts try cases involving foreign states as terrorism sponsor and make judgments with high penalties for punitive damages.So far,the aims have not been successfully achieved for the reason that all foreign states chose to absent from the judicial proceeding and the US State Department decided not to support the enforcement of the judgments and so on.But,following the adoption of JASTA,foreign states which have relatively more assets in America would face with higher judicial risks.America’s legislation does not conform to the territoriality of jurisdiction and has broke through theoretical framework of restrictive immunity.And to some extent,it blurs the boundaries between the state immunity system and the state responsibility system in current international law.