国际合作:国际公共卫生领域的习惯国际法义务

The Coronavirus Pandemic: International Cooperation Obligation in the Field of International Public Health

新冠病毒肺炎(COVID-2019)疫情大流行及防抗疫情的需要再次凸显国际合作的重要性。然而,作为目前唯一致力于全球范围内监管国际公共卫生的法律文件的《国际卫生条例》却对国际合作义务只做一般规定,有可能为国际防控疫情网络留下漏洞。本文试图论证基于国际法一般原则的产物,国际合作义务也适用于国际公共卫生领域,构成了公共卫生领域里的习惯国际法义务。在论证路径上,本文通过对国际公共卫生领域的国际合作义务进行梳理,认为权威的国际法委员会《关于发生灾害时保护人身的条款草案》或可作为习惯国际法规则的编纂,或可作为确认国际合作义务的存在的证据,而《经济、社会和文化权利国际公约》《国际卫生条例》提及的国际合作,可以作为证明国际合作习惯国际法义务存在的证据。考虑到中美两国作为大国在公共卫生领域承担的特殊责任,本文评估了中美两个大国在新冠疫情流行中履行国际合作义务的行为,作为一个实证案例。

The outbreak of the Coronavirus(COVID-2019) epidemic has become a common challenge facing countries around the world. Faced with public health emergencies of international concerns, only through concerted efforts can countries integrate resources more effectively and respond at a faster rate and with greater efficiency. This article sorts out the obligation of states to engage in international cooperation in the field of international public health, and believes that international cooperation, which is based on the general principles of international law, not only is the obligation stipulated in the international health law represented by the International Health Regulations, but also constitutes a rule of customary international law in the field of public health. After explaining the content of the international cooperation obligation in the field of public health, this paper evaluates the behavior of the two major powers, i.e., China and the United States, in the spread of the Coronavirus pandemic.