国际刑法上的未完成犯罪

Inchoate crimes under International Criminal Law

未完成犯罪来自普通法系国家的刑法理论,但在国际刑法的实践中存在广泛的运用。二战后审判、联合国特设刑事法庭以及国际刑事法院是其发展的三个阶段。共谋、犯罪未遂、直接且公然煽动等形式分别在各阶段得到讨论,主要涉及国际刑法上的侵略罪(反和平罪)和种族灭绝罪。未完成犯罪的定位问题即其法律属性定位为独立的犯罪还是附属于侵略罪(反和平罪)、种族灭绝罪的责任模式,始终是该理论发展过程中的中枢性问题。定位问题会进一步影响到未完成犯罪能否与其指向的实体犯罪并立,以及如何量刑。国际刑事法院的规约及实践以大陆法系刑法原理为基本方法,因此未完成犯罪理论的适用被大幅压缩了空间;尽管如此,在种族灭绝罪和侵略罪的适用中,仍有亟待讨论的空间。

The notion of inchoate crimes derives from criminal law theory of common law system,however,inchoate crimes were widely confirmed and applied in practices pursuing international criminal justice.Three periods emerged since its first application,namely the post-WWII trials,the ad hoc Tribunals of United Nations,and contemporarily the International Criminal Court.Different forms of inchoate crimes such as conspiracy,attempt,direct and public incitement,were discussed respectively during the three aforesaid stages.It has been always a pivotal question during the development of inchoate crimes theory whether inchoate crimes should be identified as a crime independent from the substantive crime or as a mode of responsibility affiliated with the substantive crime of genocide or aggression.The identification would lead to two further major questions,namely:(1)whether the inchoate crime and substantive crime could co-exist;and(2)how the gravity of the inchoate crime would be assessed.The Rome Statute of International Criminal Court as well as the Court’s jurisprudence basically accepted the civil law methodology,inasmuch the space where inchoate crimes could be applied is largely reduced.Nevertheless,there are room for discussion where inchoate crimes would be applied to genocide and crime of aggression.