东北岩高兰芽和花的结构及其特性研究

Bud and flower structure and characteristics of Empetrum nigrum var. Japonicum

研究东北岩高兰芽和花的结构与特性,完善其生长发育特征及其与生境的关系,对保护这种国家二级保护植物具有重要作用。文中采取野生和气候室培养植株为试验材料,从4月下旬至10月上旬,连续观测枝芽、花芽、花的结构和生长发育过程,对芽的特性和花的结构有新的发现,结果表明:1)顶枝芽和腋枝芽位于枝顶1cm之内,腋花芽着生于枝芽下部;两性芽和雌芽花芽均具单芽和复芽并以单芽占优,两性芽的雌性结构多退化开雄花,雌芽中未见雄性结构及其退化痕迹;花瓣6,上层3花瓣紫红色,下层3花瓣黄绿色,宿存于成熟果上,花柱4~15,以7~9居多,合生,柱头顶端膨大呈轮刺状,紫红色,萼片6,合萼,分两层宿存于果枝上,雌雄异株;花芽和枝芽均具有早熟性,少量花芽8月底至9月上旬开花,多数花芽在翌春4月下旬至5月上旬开花,多数枝芽8月下旬萌发成长0.5~1cm的秋梢,至9月上旬秋梢形成顶枝芽,被未展开的叶包裹越冬。2)东北岩高兰与生存生境协调进化,矮小体型、匍匐、枝芽顶端簇生、单花芽、花柱合生极短、柱头膨大、子房4~15室、两性芽雌蕊退化等生存特性,使其在寒冷贫瘠的生境下,相对高效地合理利用光能、水分、积雪和有限的土壤养分,平衡不同器官或同一器官不同部位的营养需要,或相对有利生境下以维持营养和生殖生长的平衡,或在相对不利生境下以维持营养生长为主,在寒冷贫瘠的生境下维持种群的延续。

Studying the structure and characteristics of the buds and flowers of Empetrum nigrum var. Japonicum, perfecting its growth and development characteristics and its relationship with habitats, plays an important role in protecting this national second-class protected plant. Plants growing in wild and cultured in climatic chambers were used as experimental materials in this paper. From late April to early October, the structure, growth and development of shoots, flower buds and flowers were continuously observed, new discoveries have been made on the characteristics of buds and the structure of flowers.(1) The apical bud and axillary bud are located within 1 cm of the top of the branch, and axillary bud is located at the lower part of the branch bud. The flower buds of both sexes and females have single bud and double bud, and the single bud is dominant. The amphoteric bud has many pistils and many degraded males, and the female bud has no stamens and their degraded marks. The flower buds of hermaphrodite buds and female buds both have single buds and double buds, and the single bud is dominant. The hermaphrodite buds have many pistils and many degenerate male flowers. The female buds have no stamens and their degeneration marks. Petals 6, upper 3 petals purple-red, lower 3 petals yellow-green, persistent in mature fruit, style 4-15, mostly 7-9, connate, stigma top swelling in ring spines, purple-red, sepals 6, sepals, two layers persistent on fruit branches, dioecious. Flower buds and branch buds all mature early. A few flower buds blossom from the end of August to the beginning of September. Most flower buds blossom from the end of April to the beginning of May in the next spring. Most shoots germinate and grow 0.5-1 cm autumn shoots in the end of August, and form apical shoots from the end of August to the beginning of September. They are wrapped by unopened leaves for overwintering.(2) In the cold and barren habitats, Coordinative evolution of Empetrum nigrum var. Japonicum and living habitat, such as short stature, creeping, clustering at the top of branches and buds, single flower buds, very short stylar synbiosis, enlargement of stigma, 4-15 ovaries, degeneration of pistils of amphoteric buds and so on. It makes relatively efficient and rational use of light energy, water, snow and limited soil. Nutrients, balancing the nutritional needs of different organs or different parts of the same organ, or maintaining the balance of nutrition and reproductive growth in relatively favorable habitats, or maintaining the nutritional growth in relatively unfavorable habitats, and maintaining the population continuity in cold and barren habitats.