美国对等贸易政策的三重维度与中国的应对

Three Dimensions of U. S. Reciprocal Trade Policy and China’s Response

本文尝试从三个维度理解美国对等贸易政策:一是积极对等与消极对等;二是形式对等与实质对等;三是特定对等与扩散对等。历史上,美国对等贸易政策内涵演进总体上是从消极对等转向积极对等,从特定对等转向扩散对等,并在多边贸易框架内逐渐接受了实质对等。这与其从贸易保护主义转向贸易自由主义的大方向是基本一致的。特朗普政府上台后,美国对等贸易政策在本质上以消极对等代替积极对等,以形式对等抑制实质对等,以特定对等淡化扩散对等。拜登政府基本延续了特朗普政府的贸易政策,但在对等政策上更具隐蔽性和针对性。若任其发展,将与真正的“自由、公平和对等”的贸易目标渐行渐远。中国应推进积极对等、实质对等和扩散对等,通过国家实践赋予对等以新的内涵。

To better understand U.S.reciprocal trade policy,this paper put forward three theoretical dimensions of reciprocity:(1)positive reciprocity and negative reciprocity;(2)formalistic reciprocity and substantial reciprocity;(3)specific reciprocity and diffuse reciprocity.History suggests that U.S.reciprocal trade policy was,in general,transforming from negative and specific reciprocity to positive and diffuse reciprocity.And U.S.also gradually accepted the substantial reciprocity in the framework of multilateral trading system.This trend is basically in tandem with the changing of U.S.trade policy from protectionism to liberalization.U.S.reciprocal trade policy shifted again since President Donald Trump took power.The Trump Administration’s reciprocal trade policy is based on negative reciprocity,formalistic reciprocity and specific reciprocity.The Biden Administration’s trade policy is basically in line with its predecessor but it is more hidden and targeted in terms of reciprocity.Therefore,the reciprocal trade policy currently pursued by the United States will drift away from the real“free,fair and reciprocal”trade.In view of this,China should endow a new connotation of reciprocity by her state practice of promoting positive,substantial and diffuse reciprocity.