明清时期紫禁城养心殿区建筑格局与功能演变——以修缮中所见建筑遗痕为线索

Layout and Functional Evolution of Buildings in the Hall of Mental Cultivation Area during the Ming and the Qing Periods:Studies of Traces of Remains in Renovation

本文以养心殿修缮过程中所见建筑遗痕为线索,结合文献图档,考证了养心殿区在明清时的建筑格局与功能演变:明嘉靖前为膳房,南北并排呈矩形院落。明中后期北侧院落建成正殿、配殿、后殿及耳房,养心门南自北向南分设秉笔值房、连房、隆道阁与忠义室、祥宁宫与无梁殿。清初拆除部分建筑,南院墙北移,南库区添建两座建筑,御膳房区添盖连房。康熙时设造办处。清中期以后北侧院落与值房区改为现存布局后至清末基本未变。

Based on the architectural traces seen during the renovation of the Hall of Mental Cultivation(Yangxin dian),this article,combined with historical records,drawings,and illustrations,verifies the layout and functional evolution of this area in the Ming(1368-1644)and the Qing(1644-1911)dynasties.Before the Ming-dynasty Jiajing reign(1522-1566),the area featured north-south parallel rectangular courtyards and used as kitchens.In mid-to-late Ming dynasty,buildings were constructed in the northern courtyard including a main hall,flanking halls,rear halls,and smaller extensions(er fang),while south of the Gate of Mental Cultivation(Yangxin men)a series of buildings were installed,namely,from north to south,the Directorate of Ceremonial’s(Sili jian)duty office for eunuch wielding the brush,connecting rooms,Belvedere for Flourishing Daoism(Longdao ge),Chamber of Loyalty and Righteousness(Zhongyi shi),Palace of Auspiciousness and Tranquility(Xiangning gong),and the Beamless Hall(Wuliang dian).In the early Qing dynasty,some of these buildings were demolished,the walls of the southern courtyard were moved northwards,and two buildings were added.Also added were connecting rooms for the imperial kitchen area.Imperial Workshops(Zaoban chu)were installed during the Kangxi reign(1662-1722).After the northern courtyard and duty office area were transformed into the exsiting layout after the mid-Qing period,the structure stayed basically unchanged until the fall of the dynasty.