乾隆时期清宫佛衣的制作与管理考述

A Textual Research on the Making and Management of Qing Palace’s Buddhist Costumes in the Qianlong Period

乾隆时期是宫廷佛教的极盛时期,清廷内宫几乎达到殿殿有佛堂、处处闻梵香的境地。相应地,为满足这些佛殿、佛堂礼佛供奉需求,乾隆时期宫廷佛衣的制作也达到了空前规模。在留存至今的大量清宫宗教文物中,佛衣因用料考究、工艺精湛、样式丰富,在众多故宫藏品中格外引人注目。乾隆帝十分重视佛衣的制作与供奉,其间清宫不仅制作了规模庞大的佛衣,而且还制定了一套严格的管理制度,用以规范宫廷佛衣制作与相关事务。清宫养心殿造办处《活计档》中与佛衣相关的记载内容丰富,是目前留存的为数不多的较为完整记载清宫佛衣的珍贵文献之一。本文通过对《活计档》中有关佛衣记载的系统梳理,与故宫现存佛衣实物考证相结合,重点对乾隆时期清宫佛衣的特点、佛衣制作中的管理措施等方面进行归纳阐述,旨在立体呈现清代宫廷佛衣的整体面貌特征。

The Qianlong period witnessed the heyday of court Buddhism.In the inner palace of the Qing(1644-1911)court,Buddhist chapels were installed in almost every hall,while chanting was heard in all places.Correspondingly,to meet the sacrificial and worshipping needs of these Buddhist halls and chapels,the production of Court Buddhist costumes during the Qianlong period(1736-1795)also reached an unprecedented scale.Among many Qing religious collections survived to this day,Buddhist costumes stand out amongst the extensive Palace Museum collections due to the choicest materials,exquisite workmanship,and rich styles.The Qianlong Emperor attached great importance to the making and supply of Buddhist costumes.During his rule,not only large quantity of Buddhist costumes were produced,a strict management system was formulated to regulate their production and related affairs.The records related to these costumes in the Archives of the Imperial Workshops(Huoji dang),due to its rich content,is one of the few precious documents with relatively complete records regarding the Qing Buddhist costumes.This article systematically combs the records of Buddhist costumes in the Archives of Imperial Workshops and combines with research on extant Buddhist costumes in the Palace Museum collections.It focuses on summarizing and elaborating on these costumes’characteristics and management measures in the production procedures,aiming to thoroughly present the overall features of the Qing court Buddhist costumes.