清代皇家园林宴会活动考察——以圆明园、避暑山庄为例

Investigation on Banquet Events of Imperial Gardens in the Qing Dynasty——A Case Study of the Garden of Perfect Brightness and Moutain Villa to Escape the Heat

在清代宫廷中,宴会是皇帝施恩群臣、怀柔外藩、开展皇家社交活动的主要方式。乾隆、嘉庆时期,最重要的两大皇家园林——圆明园和避暑山庄频繁举行各类宫廷宴会,清帝通过宴饮活动,让宗亲、君臣、外交等维度的关系在朝堂之外得到进一步发展和巩固。圆明园与避暑山庄所在地域不同,宴会的主题、规模、菜品的设计等方面均存有差异。本文结合相关档案,以圆明园奉三无私和避暑山庄延薰山馆作为考察对象,力求对两座皇家园林的宴会功能及特点进行分析、总结。

In the court of the Qing dynasty(1644-1911),banquets were the main way for the emperors to bestow favors to court officials,placate vassal states,and organize social events.During the Qianlong(r.1736-1795)and Jiaqing(r.1796-1820)reigns,the two most important imperial gardens,the Garden of Perfect Brightness(Yuanming yuan)and Moutain Villa to Escape the Heat(Bishu shanzhuang),frequently held various court banquets.Through banquet events,the Qing emperor further developed and consolidated the relationship with clansmen,court officials,and diplomatic envoys from outside the court.Regional difference between the two gardens was reflected on the differences in the theme,scale,and catering design of the banquets.Combined with relevant archival documents,this article takes the Hall of Exercising Triple Impartiality(Fengsan wusi dian)in the Garden of Perfect Brightness and Mountain Lodge in Southern Breeze(Yanxun shanguan)in the other as objects of investigation,and tries to analyze and summarize such banquets’functions and characteristics at the two gardens.