清中期内廷外学演员数量及变化轨迹

Number and Changing of Numbers of the Nanfu and Jingshan Entertainers in the Inner Court in Mid Qing Dynasty

清代宫廷演戏规模巨大,参与人数众多。但是演员的具体数量(包含内学和外学)尤其是外学演员的数量一直是较难厘清的课题。本文通过爬梳乾隆、嘉庆、道光(道光七年以前)三朝为南府、景山学艺人(外学)发放钱粮的35条档案,对乾隆、嘉庆、道光(道光七年之前)南府、景山学艺人(外学)的数量得出了较为明确的认识。南府景山学艺人(外学)人数在乾隆、嘉庆朝、道光各朝都维持一个相对稳定的总数,乾隆朝四百人左右,嘉庆朝三百人左右,道光朝两百名左右,学艺人(外学)人数总体呈现每朝递减一百名左右的趋势。

The scale of court entertainments in Qing Dynasty was massive,and the number of entertainers was large.However,the specific number of these entertainers,both from internal and external organizations,has always been a difficult issue to clarify,especially the number of those from external organizations.By examining information of stipend and food paid to students of Court Theatrical School(nanfu guanxue)and Jingshan Theatrical School from 35 historical records dating to the Qianlong,Jiaqing,and Daoguang(before 1827,the seventh year of the Daoguang reign)reigns,the paper gains a clearer understanding of the number of entertainers in this period of time.The number maintained a relatively balanced total in Qianlong,Jiaqing,and Daoguang reigns-around 400 people in the Qianlong reign(1736-1795),around 300 people in the Jiaqing reign(1796-1820),and around 200 people in the Daoguang reign.The total number of entertainers shows a decline of 100 persons in each reign.